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PLUTARCH'S LIVES PLUTARCH'S LIVES WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY BERNADOTTE PERRIN IN ELEVEN VOLUMES X AGIS AND CLEOMENES, TIBERIUS AND CAIUS GRACCHUS PHILOPOEMEN AND FLAMININUS CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD MCMLIX First Printed 1921 Reprinted 1950, 1959 Printed in Great Britain PREFATORY NOTE As in the preceding volumes of this series, agree- ment between the Sintenis (Teubner, 1873-1875) and Bekker (Tauchnitz, 1855-1857) editions of the Parallel Lives has been taken as a basis for the text Any preference of one to the other, and any im- portant deviation from both, have been indicated. An abridged account of the manuscripts of Plutarch may be found in the Introduction to the first volume. No attempt has been made to furnish either a diplomatic text or a fall critical apparatus. For these, the reader must be referred to the major edition of Sintenis (Leipzig, 1839-1846) or to the new text of the Lives by Lindskog and Ziegler (Teubner). In the present edition, the reading which follows the colon in the brief critical notes is that of the Teubner Sintenis, and also, unless stated in the note, that of the Tauchnitz Bekker. In May, 1920, Professor Perrin put the finishing touches upon the eleventh and last volume of this series of the Lives of Plutarch for the " Loeb Clas- sical Library," a task which he had undertaken nine years before. On August 31, 1920, he died after a brief illness, having nearly completed his seventy- third year. During the nine years, of which he PREFATORY NOTE devoted the leisure hours to the translation of his favourite author, the very magnitude of the task, and the inspiration of the hope that he might leave behind him a version of the Lives that would make the famous men of ancient Greece and Rome, so wonderfully depicted by the great biographer, as familiar to the next generation as they were to the youth in his own boyhood, seemed to sustain and strengthen his powers. The wide and discriminating experience with modern men of action which the translator possessed, combined with the classical historian's special knowledge of the times which he was called upon to interpret after Plutarch, an author whom he had studied with sympathetic in- terest for many year?, gave Professor Perrin peculiar qualifications for the task ; and the English-speaking world already knows with what eminent success he achieved it. The American Editor, who had been called in constant consultation by Professor Perrin during the progress of the work, has by the wish of his family undertaken to see the present and final volume through the press. Volume XI, which will contain an extensive General Index, will, it is hoped, be published in 1922. THE EDITORS, VI CONTENTS PAGE PREFATORY NOTE V ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS EDITION . . . viii TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES ix AGIS AND CLEOSIKNES 1 TIBERIUS AND CAIUS GRACCHUS 143 COMPARISON OF AOIS AND CLEOBIENES AND THE GRACCHI 241 PH1LOPOEMEN 255 TITUS FLAMININUS 321 COMPARISON OF PHILOPOEMEN AND TITUS 387 DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES 395 VII ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES IN THIS EDITION IN THE CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE OF THE GREEK LIVES. VOLUME I. (1) Theseus and Romulus. Comparison. (2) Lycurgus and Numa. Comparison. (3) Solon and Publicola. Comparison. VOLUME II. (4) Themistocles and Camillus. (9) Aristides and Cato the Elder. Comparison. (13) Cimon and Lucullus. Comparison. VOLUME III. (5) Pericles and Fabius Max- im us. Comparison. (14) Nicias and Crassus. Comparison. VOLUME IV. (6) Alcibiades and Coriola- nus. Comparison. (12) Lysander and Sulla. Comparison. VOLUME V. (16) Agesilaiis and Pompey. Comparison. (8) Pelopidas and Marcellus. Comparison. VOLUME VI. Dion and Brutus. Comparison. Timoleon and Aemilius Paul us. Comparison. VOLUME VII. Demosthenes and Cicero. Comparison. (17) Alexander and Julius Caesar. (22) (7) (20) VOLUME VIII. (15) Sertorius and Eumenes. Comparison. (18) Phocion and Cato the Younger. VOLUME IX. (21) Demetrius and Antony. Comparison. (11) Pyrrhus and Caius Marius. VOLUME X. (19) Agis and Cleomenes, and Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. Comparison. (10) Philopoemen and Flam- ininus. Comparison. VOLUME XI. (24) Aratus. (23) Artaxerxes. (25) Galba. (26) Otho. vni THE TRADITIONAL ORDER OF THE PARALLEL LIVES. (1) Theseus and Romulus. (2) Lycurgus and Numa. (3) Solon and Publicola. (4) Themistocles and Camillua. (5) Pericles and Fabius Maximus. (6) Alcibiades and Coriolanus. (7) Timoleon and Aemiliua Paulus. (8) Pelopidas and Marcellus. (9) Aristides and Cato the Elder. (10) Philopoemen and Flamininus. (11) Pyrrhus and Caius Marius. (12) Lysander and Sulla. (13) Cimon and Lucullus. (14) Nicias and Crassus. (15) Sertorius and Eumenes. (16) Agesilaiis and Pompey. (17) Alexander and Julius Caesar. (18) Phocion and Cato the Younger. (19) Agis and Cleomenes, and Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. (20) Demosthenes and Cicero. (21) Demetrius and Antony. (22) Dion and Brutus. (23) Artaxerxes. (24) Aratus. (25) Galba. (26) Otho. AGIS AND CLEOMENES AH2 KAI KAEOMENH2 I. OVK aroTTO)? T^e? ovSe <£avXo>$ avyKelcrOai TTyOO? TOU? <£iXoSo£oi>? VTTOVOOVCri TOV 67TI Tft) 'l^LOVl a- 1624> P , ft)? S?) \ajB6vTi rrjv V€(f)e\.r)v avrl T7}?r/Hyoa5 KevTavpwv ovrcos ^vo^kv^v. Kal yap ovroi TT}? dperris wcnrep el8a)\w Tivl crvvovres, ovSev €L\lKpiV€S ov& aXXa voBa KOU ^LKTCL iro\\a TrpaTTOvcriv, aXXore aA,X,a? (fropas fyepofjievoi, £/;Xo£? KOL Trdtfecnv eVa- o-rrep ol So^o/cXeou? /9oT/}/}6? eVl \eyovcriv yap ' dvdyfcr) Kal aictiTrwvTWV K\veiv. 2 oirep d\r}0a)<{ ol Tfyoo? €7ri0v/jiias o^XaM' Aral 7ro\iTev6/jL€voi Trdcr^ova'L, SofXeiWre? Aral aA;o- \ov8ovi>T€$ r(va Sq^aycoyol Kal cip^ovre^ ovofjid- KaOdfrep yap ol Trpcopels rd e^TTpoaOev TMV KV/SepvijTcov dtyopwcrL TT^O? e'/cet- vov<$ Kal TO TTpocrTacrcroiJievov VTT* eKeivwv Troiovaiv, 01 7TO\LTevop.evoi Kal vrpo? &6t;av op&vres /nev rwv 7ro\\a>v elcnv, ova^a Be dp%6v- TCOV eyovviv. AGIS AND CLEOMENES AGIS I. NOT without rhyme or reason is the supposition of some writers that the tale about Ixion — how it was the cloud that he embraced instead of Hera and begat from thence the Centaurs — has an appli- cation to lovers of glory. For such men, consorting with glory, which we may call an image of virtue, produce nothing that is genuine and of true lineage, but much that is bastard and monstrous, being swept now along one course and now along another in their attempts to satisfy desire and passion. The herdsmen of Sophocles say,1 in speaking of their flocks: — " Of these, indeed, though masters, we are yet the slaves, And to them we must listen even though they're dumb." And this, in truth, is the experience of public men who act in conformity with the desires and impulses of multitudes, making themselves attendants and slaves in order that they may be called popular leaders and rulers. For just as a ship's lookout, who sees what lies ahead before the ship's captain does, nevertheless turns to him for orders and does what he ordains, so the public man whose eyes are fixed on glory is a servant of the multitude, although he has the name of ruler. 1 Probably in the lost " Poirnenes," or Shepherds (Nauck, Trag. Graec. Frag.\ p. 249). 3 PLUTARCH'S LIVES II. 'O /ue?' 'yap aTrrjKpi ftw/jievos Kal 5 /I \ J C>> 5\ rf~i ^ ' }- $ ' -\ \ " ayavos ovo av oXo>? OO^T?? oeoiTO, TTM^V ocn] Trdpo&ov €7rl Ta? Trpdteis Sid TOV Trio-TevearQai1 BLSoMTi' ve(p Be CTI QVTI KOL ^Lkori^w Soreoi1 CLTTO TWV KO\.WV epycov /cal 5o|77 Tt Ka\\W7rio'aa'6ai /cal KO/jiTrdcrai. (^vo^evai yap ev TO?? TT)~\.IXOVTOI<; al dpeToi Kal (3d\acrTVOVG'ai TO re Karopdovfj-evov, W9 (^r]ai @eo</>pacrT09, €K/3e/3aiovvTai KOL TO \oi7rbv au^ovTai jj.era 2 pojuevai. TO Se c^ya^ Travra^ov roXtTt/cat? <fci\oTifjLiai<; o\e9piov et? fJiavLav KOI irapa^pocrvv^v vjraiOpov orav j,r TO elvai 6k TO evBo^oi* elvai. orrep 2 ovv tycoKiatv Trpbs 'Avri- Trarpov d^iovvrd TL Trap avrov rwv /u,r) " Ov Bvvao~ai," eljrev, " a^ua KCLI ^pr]<j6ai Kal KO\aK(," TOVTO \eKretv rj O/JLOIGV TL 3 TOVTCO 7T/)0? TOU? TTO/VXoU?" " Ov $Vl>a(T0€ TOP Kal dp^oi'ra Kal dicoXovOov" errel ye Kal OVTMS TO TOV BpaKovros, ov 6 }jLV0o$ Trjv ovpav Ty Ke(fia\ij VTaa'idarao'av rjyelcrBai. jrapd /zepo? Kal /JL^ %ia iravTOS 796 a,KO\ov6elv eKei-vy, \aftovcrav $e avT^v Te «a/rw? drraXXaTTeiv dvoia Kal Tr/v Ke^aX^v KaTa^aiveiv, TU0Xot? Kal [jLepeaiv dvayKa^o/Aevrjv irapa $wfiv eTrecrOat. 4 TOVTO TTOXXOU? TWV 77/30? XaPiV «7r^z/'7"a 7T67roXiT6f- /j.eva)v opcojuev TrenrovOoTas' e^apT^cravTe^ yap 1 Sta TOV TT., Coraes, Bekker, and Ziegler, after Bryan : & TOV IT. 2 girep Blass and Ziegler (with Se p.m.) : &ffirtp. 4 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, n. 1-4 II. The man, indeed, whose goodness is complete and perfect will have no need at all of glory, except so far as glory gives him access to achievement by reason of the confidence men have in him ; but a man who is still young and is fond of honours may be allowed t-3 plume and exalt himself somewhat even upon glory, provided that glory is the outcome of noble deeds. For the virtues, which are incipient and budding in the young, are confirmed in their proper development, as Theophrastus says, by the praises of men, and complete their growth under the incentive of pride. But excess is everywhere harmful, and in the case of men who cherish political ambitions, it is deadly ; for it sweeps them away into manifest folly and madness as they grasp after great power, when they refuse to regard what is honourable as glorious, but consider that what is glorious is good. There- fore, what Phocion said to Antipater, who demanded from him some dishonourable service, " Thou canst not have Phocion as thy friend and at the same time thy flatterer," this, or something akin to this, must be said to the multitude : ' ' Ye cannot have the same man as your ruler and your slave." Since in this case also one certainly can apply the fable of the serpent whose tail rebelled against its head and demanded the right to lead in turn instead of always following ; so it took the lead, and by the folly of its progress got itself into mischief and lacerated the head, which was compelled, contrary to nature, to follow a part that had neither eyes nor ears. This, as we see, has been the experience of many of the men whose whole political activity is directed towards the winning of popular favour; they made them- selves dependent on the multitude, which is borne PLUTARCH'S LIVES eltci) <^epo^evwv our' ava\a/3eiv OVT €TTL(TT)](TaL TT)V TavTa $e rj/ALV eh TTJV Trapa TWV Tro\\wv Bo eTri}\6ev eiTrelv evvo^aacriv r)\iKrjv €%ei ^vva/jnv e/c TCOV Tiftepiw KOI Tai'a> rot? Fpay^oi? crv/uiTre- GQVTWV, ou? KaXkidTa fjikv vvTas, KaXkiara Be \a/36vra<;, a,7rci)\ afjierpos, &)? (/)OyQo? aSo^ta? e/c Trpocfrdaeci)? ov/c 5 ayevvovs Tre^u/eco?. ju.6yd\r/v yap evvoiav TrpoeiXt]- 00T6? Trapa TMV 7ro\iTO)v yvxyvOrjcrav eyfcardXi- irelv axnrep ^peo?* a^i\\&iJievoi 8' ael ra? /jid\\ov ej; (bv eTroKiTevovTo rovrov TOV rpoTTOV Ldrj <pt,\OTi{iia 7T/309 re TOV STJ/JLOV eavrovs Kal TOV S?]/j,ov TT/QO? eavrovs e/CKav- (rawres, e\a6ov a-fydfjievoi Trpayfidrcov eV ot? ov/cer' rjv TO eTTifieLvai Ka\6v, ala"%pov 6' rjSr) TO Trav- craaBai. 6 TavTa fjiev ovv eiritcpiveLS auro? etc T>)? Trapa /3d\w/j,ev Be avTols AaKcoviKov , *Ayiv Kal KXeo ^evr/v TOU? yap OVTOL TOV ^rjfjiov av^oines, axTTrep eKeivoi, TTO\VV ^povov ava\a/jLj3dvovTes, VOVTO TO?? SvvaTois fir) /3ov\o/mei>ois dtyeivai TY arvvijdr) TT\eove%iav. «SeX0oi /j,ev ovv OVK AGIS AND CLEOMENES, n. 4-6 about at random, and then could neither recover themselves nor put a stop to the progress of disorder. These remarks upon the glory which comes from the favour of the multitude I have been led to make because I was reminded of its great influence by the fortunes of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. They were men of most generous natures, and had a most generous rearing,, and adopted most generous political principles ; and yet they were ruined, I will not say by an immoderate desire for glory, but rather by a fear of losing it. And this fear had no unworthy origin. For after they had enjoyed great kindness from their fellow citizens, they were ashamed to leave it unpaid, like a debt of money ; and so they were forever striving by the excellence of their political services to surpass the honours conferred upon them, and were honoured all the more in consequence of their grateful political services. In this way, after kindling an equal ardour in themselves towards the people and in the people towards them- selves, they engaged in enterprises wherein, though they knew it not, it was no longer honourable for them to persist, and already disgraceful for them to stop. As to this matter, however, my reader will judge for himself from my narrative ; and I shall compare with the Gracchi a pair of popular leaders in Sparta, Agis and Cleomenes the kings. For these also tried to exalt the people, just as the Gracchi did, and tried to restore an honourable and just civil polity which had lapsed for a long time ; and like the Gracchi they incurred the hatred of the nobles, who were unwilling to relax their wonted greed. It is true that the PLUTARCH'S LIVES d\\)]\a)i> OL AaKwves, (rwyyevovs Be Kal a III. 'E-Trel Trapeio-eBu TrpwTOV e/9 TJ]V TTO\LV dpyvpov Kal %pv(rov £V}Xo9, real (TwrjKoXovOjjcre TOV TT\OVTOV Trj /ji€V KTijcrei, 7r\eovet;la real /Ji/cpo\oyia TTJ Se xpijcrei Kal cnroX^avaei T/3f</>?; KOI paXa/cia KoL I7ro\vre\€ia, TMV 7r\€icrT(ov e^eTreaev 1} ^TrdpTY) Ka\wv, Kal Taireiva TrpdrTovo-a Trap1 d^iav Stere- \€t jiei TWV QVwv eiceivwv ev ot? e/3acri\€vov, iSa irals, e/cro? CLTTO 'Ayrja-iXdov TOV Sia/3dvTO$ et? rrjv 'Aaiav Kal fjieyHrrov ' &vvr)9evTO<$' r)V jap 'A>yr}cri\dov fie 6 Trepl MavBvpiov rr}? 'IraXta? VTTO d7ro9avo)v, 'Ap%iSdjnov Be Trpeafivrtpos fJiev u/o? **A<yis, EuSayttt^a? Be vewrepos, 09, "A<yi8os VTTO 'AvriTrdrpov Trepl ^AeydX^v TTO^LV dvaipeOevros dreKvov, rrjv ftacn\eiav e'cr^e, TOVTOV Be 'Ap^t- Sa^u-o?, 'ApxiBd/jiov Be ere/Jo? QvBa/jLiBas, l^vBafjiuBa 3 Be ' Ayis, Trepl ov rdBe yeypaTTTar AecoviBa? Be 6 KXeayi'Vfjiov T>}? jJiev erepas ot'/aa? r)V 'AyidBrjs, 07^00? Be CLTTO YLavcraviov TOV vLK^aavio^ ev riXaTamt? f^d^r] MapBoviov. TIavcravias yap viov eo")(€ nXeiCTTco^a/cra, TlXeLcrrwpa^ Be nau- craviaVi ov (frvyovros el$ rYeyeav eK AaKeBai/^ovos o re Trpeo-jSvrepos f/o? 'A 77/0-^770X^9 efiacriXevcre Kal TOVTOV TeXeuT?;cra(>'TO9 aTeKvov KXeoya/9/90TO9 4 o vea)T€pos. €K Be KXeo//-/3poToi' rrdXiv aXXo9 OVTC rjp^e TTO\VV ypovov ovre TralBas ec \L\eojjLevi]*; Be /3acriXeucra9 yLtera 'Ayrjo-iTro'kiv TOV 8 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, n. 6.-m. 4 Spartans were not brothers ; still, they adopted political courses which were kindred and brother to one another. The occasion was as follows. III. When once the love of silver and gold had crept into the city, closely followed by greed and par- simony in the acquisition of wealth and by luxury, effeminacy, and extravagance in the use and enjoy- ment of it, Sparta fell away from most of her noble traits, and continued in a low estate that was unworthy of her down to the times when Agis and Leonidas were kings. Agis was of the Eurypontid royal house, a son of Eudamidas, and the sixth in descent from the Agesilaiis who crossed into Asia and became the most powerful Greek of his time. For Agesilaiis had a son Archidamus, who was slain by the Messapians at Mandurium in Italy T ; Archidamus had an elder son Agis, and a younger son Eudamidas, who, after Agis was slain by Antipater at Megalopolis 2 leaving no issue, became king ; Eudamidas was succeeded by Archidamus, Archidamus by another Eudamidas, and Eudamidas by Agis,3 the subject of this Life. Leonidas, on the other hand, the son of Cleonymus, was of the other royal house, the Agiad, and was eighth in descent from the Pausanias who defeated Mardonius at Plataea. For Pausanias had a son Pleistoanax, and Pleistoanax a son Pausanias, upon whose exile and flight from Sparta to Tegea4 his elder son Agesipolis became king ; Agesipolis, dying without issue, was succeeded by a younger brother Cleombrotus, and Cleombrotus, in turn, had two sons, Agesipolis and Cleomenes, of whom Agesipolis reigned only a short time and left no sons, while Cleomenes, who became king after him, lived to 1 In 338 B.C. 2 In 330 B.C. 8 In 244 B.C. 4 In 395 B.C. See the Lysander, xxx. 1. 9 PLUTARCH'S LIVES jrpecrftvTepov rwv viwv 'A/cporarov en d\6, veutrepov 8e KXeoavvfjLOV Kare\i7rev, o? ov/c e/3a<TL\ev(T6V, aXX' "Apevs vioovbs wv KXeo- , 'A/cpordrov S' woV "A/jew? 8e aireOave Se /cat OL»TO? 7ro\iv VTTO 'AptcrToSijfjiov rov Tvpdv- vov, Kara\LTT(i)v eyicvfjiova rrjv yvvalrca. Tra Be appevo? ^evo^vov Aea)i^8a? 6 KXecovuyLtou ecr^ev, elra irplv ev ?}7u/aa yeveadat , our&)9 et? avrov 77 (BacriKela Trepi- rf\9ev ou irdw rot? TroXtrat? evap/jioa'TOV bvra. 6 KaiTrep yap eyK6K\iKoro)v 77877 TT} Siafydopa TOV 7ro\iT€v^iaro<; 6yL6<xXco? cnrdvTwv, rjv rt? eV T&> TWV Trarpcowv eVi^a^? e/c^atTTycrt?, are rj\ivBrjfjL6Vti) Trokvv ev auXat? a-arpaTTi- /cat reOepaTrevKort. ^eXevicov, etra TOI^ etceWev oyrcov eh 'RXXyvi/ca TrpdyfjLara KOI OVK e'yUyLteXw? fjL6TCt<f)epOVTl. IV. 'O S'^AY^? OI;T&) 7roXi> 7r -^1^779 OL» fjiovov TOVTOV, aXXa cLTTavras ocrot, per \Ay^ffi\aov TOV peyav ware fJLrjBeTTQ) yeyovcos eiKOcnov ero?, Se TrXouroi? /cal rpu^at? yvvai/cwv, TT}? re /jir)Tpb<i 'Ayrjo-ia'T paras Kal rfjs , at TrXetcrra ^p^yct , TTyoo? re Ta? i)&ovd<t ev&v<? KCU rov eTTLTTpe^rai /j,d\icrra rfj 10 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, m. 4-iv lose his elder son Acrotatus, but left behind him a younger son Cleonymus ; Cleonymus, however, did not come to the throne, but Areus,1 who was a grandson of Cleomenes and son of Acrotatus ; Areus fell in battle at Corinth/2 and his son Acrotatus came to the throne ; Acrotatus also was defeated and slain at Megalopolis, by the tyrant Aristodemus, leaving his wife with child ; and after she had given birth to a son. Leonidas the son of Cleonymus was made the child's guardian. But the young king died before reaching manhood, and the kingship therefore devolved upon Leonidas,8 who was al- together unacceptable to the people. For although the destruction of the constitution had alreadv led •/ to a general decline in manners, there was in Leoni- das a very marked departure from the traditions of his country, since for a long time he had frequented oriental courts and had been a servile follower of Seleucus, and now sought to transfer the pride and pomp which prevailed abroad into Hellenic relations and a constitutional government, where they were out of place. IV. Agis, on the contrary, far surpassed in native excellence and in loftiness of spirit not only Leonidas, but almost all the kings who had followed the great Agesilaiis. Therefore, even before he had reached his twentieth year, and although he had been reared amid the wealth and luxury of women, namely, his mother Agesistrata and his grandmother Archidamia (who were the richest people in Sparta), he at once set his face against pleasures. He put away from his person the adornments which were thought to 1 See the Pyrrhus, xxvi. 8 if. * In 265 B.C., in battle with Antigonus Gonatas. 8 About 256 B.C. II PLUTARCH'S LIVES s wpaifffjiov BoKovvTa TrepHTTraaas TOV , teal Traaav eVSu? Kal Bia^vywv 7ro\vre- \eiav, eyKa\\a)7Ti^€crdai, rco TpifScoviw, Kal Beljrva Kal \ovTpd Kal BiaiTas AaKcovi/ca? ^Telv, KOI \eyeiv &)? ovSev Securo T>)? /3acri\,€ias, el avrrjv avd\r)"fyoiTO TOU? vop.ov<; KOI rrjv V. 'Ap%r)v f.i€v ovv Bia<f)0opas Kal TOV vocrelv Ta Trpdyfjiara rwv AaKeSai/jiOViwv ov rrjv * KOqvai&v KaToXvcravTes Xpvcriov re /cal dpyvpuov KareTT^rjcrav eavrov?. ov (Jirjv aXXa /cal TWV O'LKWV ov o Av/covpyos wpicre dpi& JJLOV €V rat? £iaSo^at?, /cal TratSl TOV K\r)pov avroXetTro^TO?, a/ia)9 76 TTCO? TI TCL^LS avTr] ital laoTr)? 8ia/j,evov(ra TTJV 'TToX.iv €/c TU>V a\\wv avefyepev ap.apTrj^dTwv. 2 etpopevcras Be Ti? dvrjp &vvaTQ$, avQdo'rjs Se Kal ^aXeTro? TOV TpoTTOv, EtTriTaSevs ovo/ia, TT^OO? TOV vlov avTU) yevo/nevtis Sia^Oyoa? piJTpav e^elvai TOV O!KOV avTOv Kal TOV K\rjpov edeXoi Kal £wvTa Bovvai Kal KaTa\i7relv 3 fjievov. OUTO? /JLCV ovv avTOv TLva Ovfjiov diro- iStov £.lcn]ve<yK€ TOV VO/JLOV ol Be aXXot eveKa Be^d/jievoi Kal KvpwcravTes aTrco- Xecra/; TTJV dpLaTrjv KaTaGTacriv. HKTWVTO yap d(j)eiBw$ jjBr) TrapayffovvTes ol BvvaTol TOL/? Trpocrij- Kovras GK TWV BiaBo^wv Kal Ta%v TT}? et? 6\i<yovs wppveicrris irevia TIJV TTO\LV acr^o\iav TWV Ka\wv Kal dve\ev6epiav e 12 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, iv.-v. 3 befit the grace of his figure, laid aside and avoided every extravagance, prided himself on his short Spartan cloak, observed sedulously the Spartan customs in his meals and baths and general ways of living, and declared that he did not want the royal power at all unless by means of it he could restore the ancient laws and discipline. V. And here I may say that the Lacedaemonian state began to suffer distemper and corruption soon after its subversion of the Athenian supremacy filled it with gold and silver. However, since the number of families instituted by Lycurgus 1 was still pre- served in the transmission of estates, and father left to son his inheritance, to some extent the con- tinuance of this order and equality sustained the state in spite of its errors in other respects. But when a certain powerful man came to be ephor who was headstrong and of a violent temper, Epitadeus by name, he had a quarrel with his son, and in- troduced a law permitting a man during his lifetime to give his estate and allotment to any one he wished, or in his will and testament so to leave it. This man, then, satisfied a private grudge of his own in introducing the law ; but his fellow citizens welcomed the law out of greed, made it valid, and so destroyed the most excellent of institutions. For the men of power and influence at once began to acquire estates without scruple, ejecting the rightful heirs from their inheritances ; and speedily the wealth of the state streamed into the hands of a few men, and poverty became the general rule, bringing in its train lack of leisure for noble pursuits and occu- pations unworthy of freemen, along with envy and 1 See the Lycurgus, viii. f. 13 PLUTARCH'S LIVES a <f)06vov Kal Sfcr/zeyeta? rrpos TOi/9 4 arrre\€L<^0->'ja'av ovv eTTTaKOcriajv ov TrXetot'e? Tiarai, KCLI TOVTWV I'cra)^ eKaTOv i]<jav ol l K\r/pov 6 5' aXXo9 6'%Xo9 aTro/909 ev rfj 7ro\€i TrapeKaOrjro, TOU? fiev 7roXe//ou? a/jyw? /cat aTrpodv/ , aet Se Tiz^a tcaipov eiriTtjp&v fj-eracn-dcrews rcov Trapovrcov. VI. Ata ravra Bt] KO\OV o ' \r/i$, &cr7rep r)V, Tro/ou/ze^o? e^Lcrwcrai Kal dva7r\r)pa)aai rrjv Trokiv, eTreipdro TU>V dv6pu>7rwv. ol fJLev ovv veoi, Kal Trap* eXvrtSa? vm^Kovcrav avro), Kal cravro 7T/30? ir)v dperrjv, wcnrep la&rfra rrjv Siairav 2 eV e\ev6epia crf/^yLtera/^aXXo^Te?. TWV Se irpe- Tepwv, are Brj Troppw ciacfrdopds yeyovorcov, rot? TrXetcrrot? axiTrep eVi Seo-Trorrjv dyo/j.evovs €K Bpacr/jLOv BebievaL Kal rpe/j,eiv TOV \VKovpyov, Kai Ka9r)7rrovro TOV *Afyi$os oSvpo- fievov rd irapovra 7rpdy/j.aTa Kal TO 7ra\aiov 798 e o t/i'o? Ka a^6po/c\eta9 e Ayrja-£\ao<i aTreSe^avro Kal 3 avrov TTJV (^L\OTifjiiav> rjv Be A.vcrav$pos /j.ev ev TWV iroKiT&v, ^lav&oKXei&as Be 7rpy/j.ara i TO crvverov rovro Kal 8o\epbi> ToX/z?; /j,e/jiiy- pevov e%a*v 'Ayq<ri\aov Se 6elov ovra TOV ftacn- 6 14 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, v. 3-vi. 3 hatred towards the men of property. Thus there were left of the old Spartan families not more than seven hundred, and of these there were perhaps a hundred who possessed land and allotment ; while the ordin- ary throng, without resources and without civic rights, lived in enforced idleness, showing no zeal or energy in warding off foreign wars, but ever watching for some opportunity to subvert and change affairs at home. VI. Agis, therefore, thinking it a noble achieve- ment, as it was, to equalize and restore to full numbers the body of citizens, began to sound the inclinations of people. The young men, as he found, quickly and beyond his expectations gave ear to him, and stripped themselves for the contest in behalf of virtue, like him casting aside their old ways of living as worn-out garments in order to attain liberty. But most of the older men, since they were now far gone in corruption, feared and shuddered at the name of Lycurgus as if they had run away from their master and were being led back to him, and they upbraided Agis for bewail- ing the present state of affairs and yearning after the ancient dignity of Sparta. Lysander, how- ever, the son of Libys, Mandrocleidas the son of Ecphanes, as well as Agesilaiis, approved of the king's aspirations and supported him in them. Lysander was in the highest repute among the citizens, and Mandrocleidas was the ablest Greek of his time in setting schemes on foot, and his sagacity and craft were mingled with daring ; Agesilaiis, who was the king's uncle on his mother's side, and a powerful orator, though otherwise effeminate and avaricious, was openly urged on and encouraged by his son IS PLUTARCH'S LIVES Kal TrapeOdppvvev, evSo/ayuo? eV 7ro\e/j.ois avrjp Kal /tie/a Si evvoiav TWV vewv 4 8vi'd/.iei'o<s' ->} Be aX>/$&>9 avaireicraaa TOV ' Xaoi' atria TWV Trparrofjievcov /j.€Ta/3ci\\a)V TTJV TroXtreiay. 009 ovv Trpocnjydyero TOVTOV o 'A7t?, evOvs eTri%€ipei ^er avrov Ti]v firjrepa TreiOeiv, dBe\<pr)v ovcrav TOV 'Ayr](Ti\dov, rrr\if)6ei &e TreXarwv Kal (fjiXwv Kal Xpewarcov /j.eya Svva/jievTjv ev rfj 7ro\€t Kal TroXXa TCOV Koivaiv SiaTrpaTTO/uievriv. VII. 'H Be aKovcracra TO /Jiev Trp&rov e^eTrXdyrj Kal Karejrave TO /jieipaKiov co? ovre SvvarMv ovre \vcriT€\a)v e^LejJLevov eVel Be ravra IJLCV 6 crtXao? e8L 7T/30? oav avra) TOV 7r\oi>TOV, a)? xptj/^ao'i, fiev ov Bwdfjievos 7Tyoo9 2 TOU9 aXXou9 /3ao~/Xet9 el-KrcoG'tjvai (aarpaTrwv yap Kal Bov\ow$ eTTLTpoTrwv TWV ev ^Trdprrj /3acrtXe&)i/), eay Se \iror7jrt Kal yueyaXox^-u^/a T«9 Tpv(f)ds laor^ra Kal Koivwv'iav Kara- 009 , OI/TCO at vvaiKes vrro TOV veavcrKOv, Ka ToaavTrj 3 (T^eOtjaav olov zTmrvoia 777309 TO Ka\ov, coo~Te TO 16 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, vi. 3-vn. 3 Hippomedon, who had won fair fame in many wars, and had great influence because he stood in favour with the young men. But what really induced Agesilaiis to take part in the king's enterprise was the multitude of his debts, of which he hoped to rid himself by changing the constitution. As soon, then, as Agis had won over Agesilaiis, he straightway sought with the aid of his uncle to persuade his mother, who was a sister of Agesilaiis, and owing to the multitude of her retainers, friends, and debtors, had great influence in the state and took a large part in public affairs. VII. When she heard her son's plea, she was at first amazed, and tried to stop the young man from attempting what she thought was neither possible nor profitable ; but Agesilaiis tried to show her that the king's project would be feasible and its accom- plishment advantageous, and the king himself besought his mother to contribute her wealth for the advancement of his ambition and glory. For in the matter of property, he said, he could not equal the other kings (since the servants and slaves of the satraps and overseers of Ptolemy and Seleucus had larger possessions than all the kings of Sparta put together) ; but if in self-restraint, simplicity, and magnanimity he should surpass their luxury, and thereby establish equality and community of posses- sion among his citizens, he would win the name and fame of a really great king. The women, lifted up by the young man's high ambition, were so changed in their purposes, and possessed, as it were, by so great an inspiration to take the noble course, that they joined in urging and hastening on the projects of PLUTARCH'S LIVES crvvet;op/nav Kal avvemra^vveiv, Be rou? <ptA,ou9 irapaKakelv teal rat? eyecrOai yvvaL^ivtare Br) rovs AaKeBai- s KarrjKoovs 6Wa9 del rwv yvvaiKwv, teal rr\elov etceivais TWV ^fjLoaiwv r\ ISiwv aurot? TTokvTrpayiJLOvelv BiSovra?. &€ rore T&v Aa/cwviKtov TT\OVTWV eV rat? l TO TrXetcrro^, Aral rovro Trjv Trpd^iv rc5 4 "AytSi Svcrepyov Kal ^aXeTrrjv eTroiycrev. avrk- (TTrjcrav <yap ai <yvvaiK€s ov /JLOVOV rpu^r}? €KTTL- TTTOvcrai $1 aireipoKa~\.iav ev&aifjiovi^o/jLev'tjs, aXXa real Ti[j.r)v Kal Bvva/j-tv, r)v e/c TOU r7T\ovrr€li> €/cap- 7TOVVTO, 7replK07rTO/jL€VT]l> CLVT&V OptoGai. KCU, TTyOO? rov A.eu)vi$av rpaTro/Jievai TrapeKti\ovv ovra jrpe- (rfivrepov eTriXafJiBdveffOai rov "Ay^So? KOI ra 5 TrpaTTofjieva SiarcwXiieiv. ej3ov\€ro fjiev ovv 6 rot? 7rXou<rtot? fto^Oelv, Se&ia><$ Be rov rT/9 /xera/3oXr}? ovStv avre- \d6pa Be rrjv Trpa^iv etrjrei /ca/covpyelv /cat Bta(f)0eLpeiv evrvy^dvwv To?9 ap- %ovcri Kal Bia/3d\\ayv TOV *Ayiv a>? rvpawiBo? piaQov TOi? Trevrjcn ra TWV TrXoi/crtcoi/ TrpOTeivovra, Kal 7^9 fJ.eraB6<Tecn Kal xpewv dffreaea'i TroXXoi/9 eavro) Bopvcfropovs, ov rf) VIII. Ov fjirfv d\\d €(j>opov yeveaQai TOV AvaavBpov, evdvs elcre^epe avrov pijrpav et9 rou9 yepovras, ^9 Xpewv p.ev d(f)€0r)vai roL/9 o^)€tXo^Ta9, Trj? Be 7779 dvaBaa~0€iO'r)<$ rrjv /Jiev diro rov Kara HeXXijvrjv ^apdBpov 7T/309 TO Tau76To^ Kal MaX.eai' Kal 18 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, vn. 3-vin. i Agis, sent for their friends among the men and invited them to help, and held conference with the women besides, since they were well aware that the men of Sparta were always obedient to their wives, and allowed them to meddle in public affairs more than they themselves were allowed to meddle in domestic concerns. Now, at this time the greater part of the wealth of Sparta was in the hands of the women, and this made the work of Agis a grievous and difficult one. For the women were opposed to it, not only because they would be stripped of the luxury which, in the general lack of higher culture, made their lives seem happy, but also because they saw that the honour and in- fluence which they enjoyed in consequence of their wealth would be cut off. So they had recourse to Leonidas, and besought him, since he was an older man, to withstand Agis and hinder what he was trying to accomplish. Leonidas, accordingly, was desirous of aiding the rich, but he feared the people, who were eager for a revolution. He therefore made no open opposition to Agis, but secretly sought to damage his undertaking and bring it to nought by slandering him to the chief magistrates, declaring that he was purchasing a tyranny by offering to the poor the property of the rich, and by distribution of land and remission of debts was buying a large body-guard for himself, not many citizens for Sparta. VIII. However, Agis procured Lysander's election as ephor, and at once employed him to introduce a bill into the senate,1 the chief provisions of which were that debtors should be relieved of their debts, and that the land should be divided up, that which lay between the water-course at Pellene and Taygetus, 1 About 243 B.C. 19 PLUTARCH'S LIVES s irev- 2 /cal ravr^v p,ev rot? oTrXa tfcepew bwa/JLevois 799 rwv rrepioiKwv ^&pi(jQY\vait rrjv Be eVro? avrols ^rrapridraw ava7r\r)pw6rjvai Sc TOUTOU? CK re TrepioiKwv teal %evwv, OCTOL rpo(f>ij<; e\ev6epiov KOI KOL Ka riKiav aK,ovres elev TOVTWV ei? Tr€VT€KaiSeKa 'yeveaOai (f)i&L7ia Kara TCTpaKocTLov^ teal StaKOffiovs, /cal SiaiTav rf ol nrpo<yovoi SiairdaOai. IX. Ypa$>ei(Tr)s &e T/}? pijrpas, /cal TWV €i? TavTO rat9 ^vai^ ou €KK\r)criav (rvvayayajv 6 AixravSpos auro? re TO?? TroXtra^?, /cal Ma^8/oo«:XetSa? «al e&eovro yu,?; St' oXtyou? evrpv<f)<0vra<i Trepu&eiv eppi/xfjievov TO d^itofia TT}? ZTrdp- , aXXa TCOI^ re Trporepwv %prjd JJLWV rj , KOL 2 'le/ooz; ^e ITacr^aa? /^at {jLavrelov rjv ev ©aXa- /zat? TLjJLMfJLevov, r]V rives [Jbev io-ropovcri rwv Ar- \avrL$a)v fjiiav ovcrav etc Aio? TOI^ "A/jL/acova retcelv, Tiz/e? £e ¥ia<jdv&pav ri]V Ylpta/iov evravOa teal Sta TO rrdcn (fraivetv rd Hacri<f)dav rrpocrayopevdelcrav. 6 8e Oi^ 'Ayu,uA:Xa Ovyarepa, &,d<$>vi~iv rovvofia, faialv VTTO- (frevyovdav 'ATroXXaj^a (3ov\6/ji6vov avrfj fuyfjvai,, /cal /jiera(3a\ovcrav £i? TO (frvrov, ev rijjifi rov 6eov 3 yevecrOai, teal ^avriKriv \aftelv &vva/jiiv. e^acrav 20 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, vm. i-ix. 3 Malea, and Sellasia, into forty-five hundred lots, and that which lay outside this into fifteen thousand ; that this larger land should be apportioned among those of the provincials who were capable of bearing arms, and the smaller among the genuine Spartans : that the number of these Spartans should be filled up from the provincials and foreigners who had received the rearing of freemen and w^ere, besides, of vigorous bodies and in the prime of life ; and that these should be formed into fifteen public messes by four hundreds and two hundreds, and should practise the mode of life which the ancient Spartans had followed. IX. The "rhetra" was introduced in the senate, and the senators were divided in opinion. Lysander therefore called together a general assembly and discussed the matter himself with the citizens, and Mandrocleidas and Agesilaiis begged them not to suffer the insolent opposition of a few to blind them to the prostration of Sparta's dignity, but to call to mind the earlier oracles which bade them beware of the love of riches as a fatal thing for Sparta, as well as the oracles which had lately been brought to them from Pasiphae. Now there was a temple of Pasiphae at Thalamae, and her oracle there was held in honour. Some say that Pasiphae was one of the daughters of Atlas, and the mother of Ammon by Zeus, and some that Cas- sandra the daughter of Priam died at Thalamae, and was called Pasiphae because she declared her oracles to all. Phylarchus, however, says that she was a daughter of Amyclas, Daphne by name, and that, fleeing the embraces of Apollo, she was changed into the tree of like name, after which she was honoured by the god with the gift of prophetic power. Be VOL. X. 21 15 PLUTARCH'S LIVES ovv Kol ra TrapcL ravrrj^ /juavrela TrpocrrdTreiv TO?? J^TrapTidrais f<joi><? yevecrOat, iravra^ Kad^ ov o AvKovpyo<; e% ap^rjs era^e vojuov. eVl Tracri Be o /3aai\ev$ Ayi$ eh /Jiecrov irape\0o)v teal €<f>rj GV[ji(Bo\a<$ SiSovai rfj TJV KaOicrrrjo-i,' rrjv yap avrov Trpcorov ovcriav et? JACCTOV riOevai,, iroXXrjv jjuev ovcrav ev rot? yewpyov/jLevois /cal v€/j,o/ji€vois, avev $f. rov- e^afcocria rd\avra vo^icr pharos e^ovaav TO avrb /cal ra? ^rea? Troielv Kal rovs Kal ol/ceiovs, TrXofcr^wTttToi;? 6Vra? X. 'O IJLGV ovv S^/zo? ej;€7r\dy)] rrjv fj,eya- TOU veavicTKOV, Kal ireiarj^ rjv a>? Si* erwv 6/jiov n BiaKoa-iaii'1 7T€(j)ijv6ro<; d^uov ^TrdpTris ySacriXeo)?' o Be Aew^tSa? Tore &rj fid- Xicrra Trpo? Tovvavrlov e'^iXozW/^cre. Xoyt^o- yuet'o? lyayo 6Vt ravrd ^ev avayKacrOi'icreTai Troielv, ov rrjv avrrjv 8e ^dpLv e^et rrapa rot? aXXa TTUVTCOV o/xotco? a KeKrijvrai fjiova) TW dp^a/jievco TrpocrO^crovcrL rjpcora rov *Ayiv el Strcaiov avSpa Kal (nrovSaiov 2 ijyeirai yeyovevai A.VKOvpyov. o/noXoyrjcravTos &* €K€ivov, " TIov Tolvvv" €(f>rj, " A VKovpyos aTTOKOTras eBaiKev 17 %evov<$ Karera^ev eh iro\iTeiav, 05 ovSe oXw? evofju.^ev vyiaiveiv rrjv 'O Be *Ayi<$ (nreKpivaTo /ULTJ @av/jid%eiv TOV Aewvi&av, el reOpa/jL/nevo^ ev %evy Kal 1 6f.'.ov n $tano<rlwv Blass (Fuhr) : 6/j.ov 22 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, ix. 3-x. 2 this as it may, it was now said that the oracles •/ * brought from this goddess ordained that all Spartans should be on an equality according to the original law made by Lycurgus. And finally, King Agis came forward and after a brief discourse said that he offered very large contributions to the constitutions which he was trying to establish ; for in the first place he put into the common stock his own estate, which included extensive tillage and pasture, and apart from this six hundred talents in money ; and, besides, his mother and his grandmother did likewise, together with their relatives and friends, and they were the wealthiest among the Spartans. X. The people, accordingly, were filled with amazement at the magnanimity of the young man, and were delighted, feeling that after a lapse of nearly two hundred years a king had appeared who was worthy of Sparta ; but Leonidas, now more than ever, strove in opposition. For he reasoned that he would be compelled to do as Agis had done, and that he would not get the same gratitude for it among the citi- zens, but that if all the rich alike made their property a part of the common fund, the honour for it would be given to him alone who had led the way. He therefore asked Agis if he thought that Lycurgus had shown himself a just and worthy man, and when Agis said that he did, " When, then," said Leonidas, " did Lycurgus either grant abolition of debts or admit foreigners into citizenship — a man who held that the state was in no healthy way at all if it did not practise expulsion of foreigners ? " But Agis replied that he was not astonished to find Leonidas, who had been reared in foreign lands and PLUTARCH'S LIVES e/c y/^fov (TaTpaTU/cwv yvoet rov Avfcovpyov, on TO //ei> o$ei\€iv /cal 8avei£etv a/xa 3 rco vo/jLicr/j-ari <rvvej;el3a\€V etc rfy TroXeo)?, rwv 8' ev TCU<? iroKevi %evwv TOU? rot? eTTLr^Sev/^acri KCU rat? Siairais acrv /Ji$v\ov<$ /j,a\\ov eSva^epaive' real yap eice'ivovs ^\avvev ov rots <rco/iacrt TroXe- , d\\a rou? y9tou? avTwv KO\ roL/9 T/DOTTOU? (Tvvava^pwi'vvfievoi rot? rpv(j)jj<f /cal yttaXa^ta? Aral TrXeoi/e^ta? e eVel TepTravSpov ye fcal (8)aX??Ta /cat rjv %evov<; ovras, OTI ra avra TO* Av- Kovpyta &iere\ovv aSovres /cal (f)i\oao(f)OvvTes, 4 eV ^Trdprr) TifJurjOrji/at SiatyepovTa)?. " "2,v B€ [Jiev" etyrjaev, " eTraivels, o? eipopevcov rou /jLovaiKOv crKe7rdpi>(p ra? evvia xopScov e^ere/ie, KOL rot/? eVl 7rd\LV TO auTO TOVTO Trpd^avras, rj/JLas Be yiteyu</>7i 800 rjv teal 7ro\VT€\€tav /cal dXa^oveiav etc T/}? dvaipovvras, wcnrep ov%l TO eV jLOvaiK aojSapov fcal TrepiTTOv evrav6a jir 7roeX.@r (>v\aTTojL€va)vt OTTOV (i)v Ka rpoTToov /jLerpa Ka eavrfj XI. 'E/C TOUTOf TW fJL€V "Ajl&l TO 7r\?)00$ e /co\ovOrja'6i>} ol oe 7r\ov(7iot rov re Aewvl&av 7rape/cd\ovv {JLTJ cr^>a? Trpoecrdai, /cal TOU? yepovras, ol? TO KpaTos ?)V ev TO) TrpoftpvXeveiv, Kal TreiOovTes icr^ua-av, ocrov evl TrXetoi'a? 2 crOat TOI;? a7ro"^r;04o-a/xeVoL'? r^v prfrpav. 6 AvcravSpos eri rrjv dp%r)V €%a)v ajp/^rjcre rov Aeco- 24 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, x. 2-xi. * had children by an oriental marriage, ignorant that Lycurgus had banished from the state debts and loans along with coined money, and that foreigners in the cities were held by him in less displeasure than men to whom the Spartan practices and ways of living were not congenial ; these, indeed, he sought to drive away, not because he was hostile to their persons, but because he feared lest their lives and manners should contaminate the citizens, and breed in them a love of luxury, effeminacy, and greed ; for certainly Terpander and Thales and Pherecydes were foreigners, and yet, because the teachings of their songs and philosophy always ac- corded with those of Lycurgus, they were held in surpassing honour at Sparta. " Thou praisest Ecprepes," said Agis, " who, as ephor, cut out with an adze two of the nine lute-strings of Phrynis the musician, and likewise the magistrates in the time of Timotheus, who did the same thing in their turn, but thou blamest me for trying to remove luxury, extra- vagance, and ostentation from Sparta, as if those magistrates also wrere not on the watch to prevent the pompous and superfluous in music from making such advances as our lives and manners have come to, whose excess and discord has made the city dissonant and out of tune with itself." XI. After this, the common people took sides with Agis, but the men of wealth entreated Leonidas not to abandon them. And by prayers and arguments with the senators, whose power lay in their privilege of presenting all measures to the people, they so far prevailed that by a single vote the proposed rhetra was rejected. Lysander, however, who was still ephor, set on foot an indictment of Leonidas by virtue of PLUTARCH'S LIVES viSav SiwKeiv Kara S?; riva vo^ov rraXatov, fa OVK ea rbv 'HpaKXeiSijv CK yvvaifcos dX\,oSarrr)s 7€Kvovcrdai, rov &€ drreXOovra TT}? ^rrdprt]^ em JJ,€TOlKl(T/jLM TTyOO? 6Te'/90U9 aTTo6vr)<J KGtV K€\€V6i. ravra Kara rov AewviSa \e*/€LV erepovs SiSa^a?, auro? 7rape(j)v\arr€ per a rwv crvvap^ovrwv TO 3 "Ecrrt Se roto^Se' St' eVcoi/ Ivvka \a(3ovre<$ ol e(f)Opoi vvKra Ka6apav Kal aaekyvoVy criwrrf) KaOe- fyvrai TT/OO? ovpavbv arrofiXerrovres. eav ovv €K (jiepovs nvbs et? erepov yu,e/?o? acrrrjp KplVOVai TOVS fS(l(TL\€l<$ CO? 7T€pl TO 0GLOV [jiaprdvovras, Kal Kararravovcrt. TT}? av CK AeX(/)c5i> rj 'OXf/^vrta? ^J;CT/.IO? e'X^?; Tot? rjXwKoai rwv ySacrtXecoj' j3orj0&v. 4 TOUTO 5?) TO aij/jLeiov auru) yeyovevai \€ja)V o KpLuw ry Aea>i>i$a TrpovOrjKe, Kal rrapel^ev w? e'/c yvvaiKos 'Acrm^r??, r}v avrw Kal jjna-ovfjievo^ vrro TT)? <yvvaiKo$ errave\6oi rcapa 'yvoo/jHjv OiKaSe, Kal BiaBo^rj^ epijpov dv6\oiro TO 5 fta<Ji\eiov. dfjia Se ry SiKrj KXeo/ji/Bporov eireiQe TT}? /Sao-^Xeta? dvrnroieicrOai, yapfipov ovra rov AewvuSa, <y€vov<$ 8e TOI) fBacri\LKov. (po^yjOel^ ovv 6 AeamSa? Ixerrjf <yiverai Tr)? XaX/ciot/cou, Kal (jvviKerevev 1} dvydrrjp ra> rrarpi, rbv KXeo/z- fiporov drroXiTrovffa. KCL\OV fjiivov Se rrpbs rrjv Bi/crjv avrov Kal prj Karafiaivovros, CKGLVOV 26 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xi. 2-5 an ancient law which forbade any descendant of Heracles to beget children by a foreign woman, and ordained that anyone who left Sparta to settle among foreigners should be put to death.1 After instructing others to spread these charges against Leonidas, he himself, with his colleagues, proceeded to observe the traditional sign from heaven. This is observed as follows. Every ninth year the ephors select a clear and moonless night, and in silent session watch the face of the heavens. If, then, a star shoots across the sky, they decide that their kings have transgressed in their dealings with the c5 ?5 c> gods, and suspend them from their office, until an oracle from Delphi or Olympia comes to the succour of the kings thus found guilty. This sign Lysander now declared had been given him, and indicted Leonidas, and produced witnesses showing that he was the father of two children by a woman of Asia who had been given him to wife by one of the lieutenants of Seleucus ; and that owing to the woman's dislike and hatred of him he had come back home against his own wishes, where he had assumed the royal dignity, to which there was then no direct successor. Besides bringing this indictment, Lysander tried to persuade Cleombrotus to lay claim to the royal dignity. Cleombrotus was a son-in-law of Leonidas, and one of the royal line. Leonidas, accordingly, took fright, and fled as a sup- pliant to the temple of Athena of the Brazen House. His daughter also forsook Cleombrotus and became a suppliant with her father. When Leonidas was summoned to his trial and did not appear, he was 1 Plutarch here merges two separate laws. Cf. the Lycur- gus, xxvii. 3. 27 PLUTARCH'S LIVES ro> TrapeBcoKav. XII. 'Ei> TOVTW Be rov %p6vov Bi€\06vTO$. ol Be tcara- €(j)opot, TOP fjiev AecoviBav avearr^crav iKerevovra, ry Be AvGavBpa) Kal ra> MavBpo- K\eiBa BiKrjv eirfpyov co? irapa rov VO^JLOV diroKOTra^ fcal ^r\v dvaBd(Tacr0ai tyrjcjiicra 2 KivBvvevovres ovv eiceivoi Trei&ovcri TOJ)? /3a<ri\ei$ O/JLOV yevo/jievovs j^aipeiv edv rd TCOV ecfropcov /3ov- \evfjiaTa' TOVTO <ydp TO dp-^etov layysiv e/c Bia- crtXeo)^, TO> ra jBe\Tiova \eyovTi Tr)V tyrifyov, OTCLV are/30? epi^rj 7T/30? TO (TVfjL<pepov' d/jL(f)Oiv Be TavTa {3ov\evo- d\VTOV elvau rr)i> e^ovcriav, Kal TT/OO? TOU? ftaaiX-eis, wv SLCLITCLV Kal ftpafteveiv avTols elvat, TrpocriJKov, 3 ov^l 7To\v7rpay/jiOveiv ofJLofypovovvTWv. oirra) Bi) Kal yttera T&V dyopdv /cara/Sayre? dve&Trjcrav /lev 6K TWV Bi(f>po)v TOU? e(f)6pov<;, aXXou? 8' ai/r' avTwv aTreBet^av, el? YJV yA.yrj(Ti\ao<;. o7rXto*a^re? Be TO)V vewv Kal Xuua^re? TOU? BeBefj,evov$ eye rot? virevavTiois a>? TroXXou? 4 vovvres. diTeOave Be ovBels VTT avrcov, d\\d t? Teyeav vTre^iovT TOV 'A^crtXaou, Kal avTov et? Tijv 6Bbv avBpas, TrvOo/jievos 6 * 28 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xi. 5-xn. 4 deposed, and Cleombrotus was made king in hia place.1 XII. At this point, Ljsander's term expired and he went out of office. The new board of ephors encouraged Leonidas to leave his suppliant's asylum, and brought an indictment against Lysander and Mandrocleidas for violating the law in proposing an abolition of debts and a distribution of land. Thus put in legal peril, Lysander and Mandrocleidas persuaded the two kings to act together and disregard the edicts of the ephors ; for that board of magistrates, they said, derived its power from dissension between the two kings, by giving their vote to the king who offered the better advice, whenever the other was at variance with the public good ; but when the two kings were in accord, their power was indissoluble, and it would be unlawful for the ephors to contend against them, although when the kings were in contention with one another it was the privilege of the ephors to act as arbiters between them, but not to interfere when they were of one mind. Persuaded by these arguments, both the kings went with their friends into the market place, removed the ephors from their seats, and appointed others in their stead, one of whom was Agesilaiis.2 Then they armed a large body of young men and set free all who were in prison, thus striking fear into their opponents, who thought they would put many of them to death. No one, however, lost his life at their hands ; on the contrary, when Agis learned that Agesilaiis had plotted to make away with Leonidas as he was trying to withdraw to Tegea, and had sent men to assault him on the road, he sent out another company of 1 About 242 B.C. • See chapter vi. 3 f. 29 PLUTARCH'S LIVES erepovs aTreareiXe TTKTTOIX;, 01 TOV Ae&viBav 7r€pi(T%6vT€S d<T(f)a\w$ et? Teyeav KaTe&Tijcrav. XIII. OVTW Be T?}? 7r/?a^6&)9 aurot? oBta fiaBi- 801 £bu<n?9 Kal /jLTjSevos evicrra/jievov /-iT/Se BtaKO)- \VOVTOS, el? avr}p, 'A^^crtXao?, avirpe^re iravra Kal Si€\vp,ijvaro, Ka\\L(nov &iavorj/j.a teal A.CLKU>- viK(OT(iTOV alcr^io-TO) voatj/Aari Trj <f)i,\o7r\ovTLa 2 £>ia<fi0eLpa<;. €7rei8rj yap eKeKTijro JAW ev rot? /jLo\icrra 7ro\\r)V teal dyaOrjv ^oopav, wtfreiXe Be xr;re &ia\i>crai Svvd/jLevos TO, %/oea T)]V 'Xjoopav irpoeaOai ftovXofjievos eVeicre a>? d/ji<porepcov /jiev a/jLa irpaTTO^ev ecroiTO 7T€pl Tijv TTO\IV 6 veutTepicr/jLos, el Be rfj TMV %pewv dtyecrei OepaTrevOelev ol Krr)fj,art/col irporepov, evKO\co^ av avrayv teal icaO" ^av^iav 1 3 varepov ev&e^o/jievMV TOV dvaSacr/j,6v. ravra Be /cat rot? Trepl AvaavBpov eBo/cei, crvve^aTraTa)- p,evoi<$ VTTO TOV 'A^o'tXaoi', Kal ia irapa rcov XpeoccTTwv ypafJi/JLaTela avveveyKavTes et? dyopdi', a K\dpia KaXovcn, Kal Trdvra avvQkwres et? ev apdeiar]^ Be (^Xoyo? ol ^Lev TT\OV- Kal Baveia-TiKol TrepiTraOovvTes dirffkOov, 6 Be 'A7?;c7tXao9 waTrep e<pv/3pi£a)v OVK €<prj \afji- TrpoTepov kwpaKevai <j5a>9 ouBe irvp eKeivov KaOa- pwrepov. 4 'AgiovvTGW Be TWV 7roX\a)V Kal Trjv yriv evQv<$ vefjLeaQat, Kal TWV /3acri\ea)v ovra) iroielv K€- \evovT(i)v, acr^oXta? Tii/a? €/A/3d\\a)V o Xao? ael Kal Trpcxpdcreis \eya)v Traprjye d^pi ov (TTpareia avveftr) ry "AyiBi, 1 Kal KaO* T]ffvxiav Coraes and Ziegler : icaff ^< 30 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xn. 4-xm. 4 trusted followers who took Leonidas under their protection and brought him safely to Tegea. XIII. Thus the enterprise of the kings was making good progress and no one tried to oppose or hinder them, when one man, Agesilaiis, upset and ruined everything. He allowed a most shameful disease of avarice to wreck a most noble and most truly Spartan plan. For since he was an exceedingly large owner of valuable land, but owed huge sums of money, being unable to pay his debts and unwilling to give up his lands, he persuaded Agis that if both his projects should be carried through at the same time the resulting convulsion in the state would be great; but that if the men of property should first be won over by a remission of their debts, they would afterwards accept the distribution of land contentedly and quietly. This was also the opinion of Lysander, who was deceived in like manner by Agesilaiis. So they caused the mortgages (the Spartans call them " klaria," or allotment pledges) to be brought into the market-place, heaped them altogether, and set fire to them. As the flames rose, the men of wealth and the lenders of money went away with heavy hearts; but Agesilaiis, as if in mockery of them, declared that his eyes had never seen a brighter or purer flame than that. And now the multitude demanded also that the land should at once be divided, and the kings gave orders that this should be done ; but Agesilaiis would always interpose some obstacle or make some excuse, and so consumed time until it became the duty of Agis to head a military expedi- tion, when the Achaeans, who were their allies, sent PLUTARCH'S LIVES €/c Aa/eeSatynoyo?. AlrwXol yap rjaav Bia TT}? MeyapLfcfjs efj,/3a\ovvTes et? Ile- \OTTQVVr\GOV Kal TOVTO KW\.V<JU>V "ApaTO? O TCOI> arparrjyo^ ijdpoi^e ^vvapiv Kal rot? eypa<pev. XIV. Ot 8e TOV *Ayiv €v@vs e^eTre/ATrov eirrip- TT) <^L\OTifJiia KOI irpoOvfjiia rwv avvrpa- T€vofjL€va>v. veoi yap ovres ol 7T\elcrToi Kal teal TI-JV pev UTTO TMV %pewv aSetav &r) Kal \e\vfjievoi, TOL/? Se dypous e\,7Ti- , av eTraveXOwaiv IK TT}? crrpareias, 2 Kal dea/jLa rat? iroXecriv rja-av tt/3Xa/3w9 TTyOttft)? Kal fJLOVOV OVK a^O^rjr], &ia7TOp€v6/ji€VOl TTjV TLeXoTrovvtjcrov, ware davpd^eiv Kal &ia\oyi- £,ea6ai TOL/? f/E\\7;^a? oiO9 rjv cipa ^ocr/io? AaKoiviKov o-Tpareu/jLaros 'AyrjcriXaov e^o^TO? 7} Aixrav&pov €Keivoi> rj AewvL^av TOV irakaiov 11<yOVp,€VOV, O7TOV 7T/90? (JLClpCLKLOV O\LyOV &61V veayrarov airdvTwv aiSoos Tocravrr) Kal <£o/3o? earl 3 TWV o-varpareuofiei>a)i'.1 Kal ^kvroL Kal at»ro? o veavlcrKQS evreXetq Kal (f>i>\oiroviq Kal rw /j/)jSei> tSicorou \afjiTTpoTepov rujL^ieaOai Kal a)7r\i(T0ai a€/jivvi>o/jL€vo$ a^LoOecLTOs rjv Kal £97X0)1*09 VTTO rwv 7ro\\(t)i>' eirel rot? ye TrXoucrtoi? OVK 7Jp€(7K6i> o vea)T6pi(T/jLo<> avrov, &€&i6cri yu-?/ KivrjfjLa Kal eiy/jLa rot? Tra^Ta^ocre Sry/zot? yevrjrai. XV. SfyLt/xt^a? &e ra> 'Aparw Trepl K.6ptv0ov 6 6T« (3ov\evofjiei>w Trepl yua^? /cat irapaTa- 7T/3O? TOI/<? TToXe/itou?, eVeSet^aro Acal TT/JO- dvfuav TToXkrjv Kal ToX^iav ov fj.avixrjv ov&e 1 ffvffTpaTevo/j.fvuiv Blass : 32 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xin. 4-xv. i for aid from Sparta. For the Aetolians were expected to invade Peloponnesus by way of Megara ; and Aratus, the general of the Achaeans, in an effort to prevent this, was assembling a force and wrote a letter to the ephors. XIV. These at once sent out Agis, who was exalted in spirit by the ambition and ardour of the soldiers under him. For being young men for the most part and poor, and having now immunity from their debts and absolution, and expecting that they would receive allotments of land if they returned from the expedi- tion, their devotion to Agis was astonishing. And they were a spectacle to the cities as they marched through the Peloponnesus without doing any injury, without rudeness, and almost without noise, so that the other Greeks were amazed and asked themselves what must have been the discipline of a Spartan army under the command of the great Agesilaiis, or the famous Lysander, or Leonidas of old, since towards a stripling who was almost the youngest of the whole army so great reverence and fear were felt by his soldiers. And indeed the young man himself, owing to his simplicity, his love of hardships, and the pride he took in clothing and arming himself with no more splendour than a common soldier, won the admiration and devotion of the multitudes ; for to the rich, certainly, his innovating ways were not pleasing, owing to a fear that they might prove a disturbing force and set a bad example among the common people everywhere. XV. Aratus, when Agis joined him near Corinth, was still deliberating whether or not to meet the enemy in open battle. Here Agis displayed great ardour, and courage which was sane and calculating. 33 PLUTARCH'S LIVES d\6yi(TTOV. €^>rj yap avrq> fiev Sofceiv Kal fJLrj irapievai, TOV iro\e[jLOv etrjw, ra? T/}<? Yle^OTTOwrjcrov Trpoejuevovs, iroi^aeiv Be TO SOKOVV 'Apdry KOI yap Trpecr/BvTepov re Kal tjT parity e Iv 'A^atw^, ol? ov^t, irpocr- avrbv OVK TJKOI, /cal /3oi]0ij<rcov. 2 fO &e ^ivtoTrevs L <f)rjcn TOV *A<yiv 'Apdrov K€\€VOVTOS, OVK co<; ol? "A/3aro9 yeypatye irepl TOVTWV, s on fie\Tiov rjyeiro, TOU? Kap- , 7rape\6elv rov? TroXe/uou? rj pd^r) Kiv&vvevcrat, Trepl TWV o\wv. 3 'ETret 8* ouz> "A/oaro? aTreyvco fJid^jeaOaL KOI TOVS crv/A/jsd'Xovs eiraiveaa^ &ia(f)f}Ke, OavfiaaOels o TA7i9 dve^evyvvev, ijSr] TWV evbov ev ^Trdprrj 802 66pv/3ov TTO\VV G^OVTWV Kal [JLeTaj3o\r)v. XVI. O yap 'Ayr)(Ti\ao$ €<popeva)v} d7rij\\ay- fjievos 049 TaTreivos rjv irpoTepov, ovSevos e^ei <f>epovro<; dpyvpiov dSiKrj/naro^, d\\d ^ , OVK ajraiTovari^ rore rr)s TrepioSov, Trapa TOt9 reXecrt Kal irapeirpaTre. SeSiax; Be TOU? Kal fjnaov^evo^ VTTO Trdvrwv erpecfre Kal ^v\arTOfjL€Vo^ VITO TOVTWV 2 Kareftaivev et9 TO dp^elov. Kal TWV fBacri\€wv TOV fj.ev 6Xa>5 KaTafypovelv, TOV Se 34 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xv. i-xvi. 2 For he declared that in his opinion it was best to fight a decisive battle and not to abandon the gate of the Peloponnesus and suffer the enemy to pass inside : "However/' he said, " 1 will do as seems best to Aratus, for Aratus is an older man, and is general of the Achaeans ; I did not come hither to be their leader or to give them orders, but to give them aid and share their expedition." Baton of Sinope, however, says that Agis himself was unwilling to give battle although Aratus urged it ; but Baton has not read what Aratus wrote about this matter,1 urging in self-defence that he thought it better, now that the husbandmen had gathered in almost all their crops, to suffer the enemy to pass by, instead of risking everything in battle. When, therefore, Aratus decided not to give battle, and dismissed his allies with praises for their proffered aid, Agis, who had won universal admiration, led his forces back to Sparta, where there was already much commotion and a revolution. XVI. For Agesilaiis, who was one of the ephors, being now freed from what had kept him in restraint before, shrank from no injustice that brought him money, nay, contrary to the customary arrangement of the calendar, and when the time for it had not yet come, he inserted a thirteenth month 2 and exacted the taxes for it. Moreover, in fear of the victims of his injustice and hated by all men, he kept an armed bodyguard, and would go down to his magistracy under their protection. And as for the kings, he wished men to think that he utterly despised the one, 1 In his "Commentaries." See the Aratus, iii. 2. 9 This was regularly done thrice during a period of nine years, but in distinctly specified years. The object was to equalize the lunar and solar years. 35 PLUTARCH'S LIVES Sia rrjv (rvyyev€iav fia\\ov rj Sia rrjv j3ao~i\€iav ev nvu ripy riOecrdat. SteSayfce 8e \6yov ft>? KOI avOis etyopevcrwv. Aio /col Qaacrov aTroKiv$vvevcravT€<$ ol 6%0pol Kal avo-rdvres etc Te7ea? avafyavbov rov A.eo)vi8av apyj)V Karrjyayoi', 77860)? /cal TMV a)pyi%ovTo yap TrefavaKicr/AevoL fjurj vefirjOeLcrYi^. TOV /JLCV ovv 6 f/o? 'ITTTT o^i^wv, Seoytte^o? TWV TroKirwv real iracri 7rpocr<f)L\r)<? wv Si avSpayaQiav, vjrefyjyaye Kal Sieacocre' TWV Se ftaaiX-ewv 6 /JLCV 'A^? eVl Trjv Xa\KioiKOv Karefyvyev, 6 Be KXeo/i/3/9oro? et? TO rov IlocreiSw^o? lepbv €\0a)i> itce-reve' KOI yap e&o/cei TOVTW fjia\\ov o AewviSas ^aXevro? eivai, Kal 7ra/36t9 TOV *Ayiv eVl TOVTOV avefiri (7rparta)- ra? e^oiv Kal Karrjyopei /zer' opyijs on ya/j,/3pb<> &v e7ref3ovX6V(T€V avrw fcal Xero /cal avve%€[3a\e Trjs T XVII. 'O fjiev ovv K\eo/zy5/ooT09 ovbev eiTrelv, aXX* rjTroprf/jievos eKaBrjro Kal CTIWTTWV' r) Be XtXwy/9, 77 rov AecoviSov Ovydrrjp, rrporepov \>r\ / « \ p.« \^N /j,ev aoiKOV/jLevy ray rrarpi avvrjOiKeiTO, KOI rov KXeoya/3poroL' TTJV /3a(Ti\€iav rrrapa\a^ovro^ arco- aracra rrjv rov rrarpos crvf-Kpopav eOepdireve, Kal irapovrt, fJL€V avviKereve, favyovros Be nrevOovcra 7ra)9 e%ovcra 77/309 rov KXeo^fiporov rore 5e av rrd\iv rat9 ru^at9 crva/j.era- AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xvi. a-xvu. i and held Agis in some slight honour more because of his near relationship than because he was king. He also spread reports that he was going to be ephor again. For this reason his enemies lost no time in taking the great hazard, and banding together, openly brought home Leonidas from Tegea to exercise the royal power. Even the common people were glad to see this done, for they were incensed at their decep- tion in the promised division of the land. Agesilaiis, accordingly, was taken out of the country and saved by his son Hippomedon, who entreated his fellow- citizens, and was beloved of all because of his valour; and as for the kings, Agis fled for refuge to the temple of Athena of the Brazen House, while Cleombrotus went as a suppliant to the sanctuary of Poseidon;1 for Leonidas was thought to be more bitter against him, and in fact he left Agis unmolested and went up against Cleombrotus with soldiers. And when he arrived he denounced Cleombrotus angrily because, though a son-in-law, he had plotted against him, robbed him of the royal power, and helped in driving him from the country. XVII. Cleombrotus, on his part, had naught to say for himself, but sat perplexed and speechless; Chilonis, however, the daughter of Leonidas, who before this had felt herself wronged in the wrongs done to her father, and when Cleombrotus was made king had left him and ministered to her father in his misfortunes, — sharing his suppliant life while he was in the city, and in his exile continually grieving for him and cherishing bitter thoughts of Cleombrotus — at this 1 On the promontory of Taenarum. See the Cleomenes, xxii. 5. 37 PLUTARCH'S LIVES ftd\\ovcra fjiera TOV dvSpb? IKCTIS a>cf)0r) rcaOe- %0/JLevr], TrepL^e^KrjKvla rav ^elpa^ eKeivq* Kal TWV 5>/ v \ "/] s £•' " /3 ' j ' f v Traioiwv TO [Jiev evttev, TO o evuev v<p avrrjv 2 e^ovcra. 0avf.ia£6vTcoi> Be TCCLVTWV KOI SaKpvovrcov €7rl Trj xpyaTOTrjTi, fcal <$>i\ocrTop<yiq TT}? <yvvaiKo<s, TWV TrerrXwv KOL TT}? «royu^? ar?;yueXw5 ffrp^Jl? tt'* ' 'N v Lovro, eirrev, co Trarep, eyuot TO Kal Ti]v o^riv ov% 6 KXeo/x/Sporou Trep^re- eXeo?, aXX' airo TWV awv /catcwv Kal TT}? yf)s /j,6/j,evrjK6 /AOL avinpofyov KOI GVVOIKOV TO nrevOos. TroTepov ovv Bel yu,e crov f3aGi\evowro<$ ev ^TrdpTrj /col VIKWVTOS ejKaTafitwvai raurat? rat? av/j,(popaLS, rj \aftetv ecrOffTa Xa^rrpav Kal /3acri\iKrjv, eiriBovcrav VTTO crov TOV irapOeviov 3 avSpa <por€v6fj,evov; o? el /j,rj TrapaiTeiTau ere TreiOei TZKVWV Kal yvvaiKos SaKpuai, Tepav rj crv ftoii\ei BLKIJV v(f)ej;€i T7/9 KaKoftov\ias toV e/jie Ti]V <f)L\TaTrjv avTip TCpoaTroOavovcrav. yap e'/ze Bel £,r)v irappr^ffla rrpbs r«9 aXXa? y /urjTe Trap1 dvBpbs Beo/j.evrj iirjre rrapa eXeo? eo-Tiv; d\\a Kal yvvrj Kal OvyaTrjp Kal avvaTi/jLa^eaOai rot? efjLavTijs 4 eyevo/jtyv. TOVTW /AW ovv el Kal ri? fjv \6yos eyco TOVTOV d(})ei\6jJLr)v TOTG crol avv- Kal Kara/uapTVprfcracra TWV VTTO TOVTOV yevofjievwv crv Be avTfo TO a$[fcrjfia Troiels evaTro\6<yi]Tov, OVTCO j^eya Kal TrepLfjid^r)TOV drro- cfiaivcov TO (Bacrikeveiv wcrre Bi avTo Kal fyoveveiv Kal TeKvcov df.ie\elv elvai BiKaiov XVIII. 'H fjitv XiXcoi'l? ToiavTa TO T6 TTpOCrCOTTOV €Trl T1JV K€(f)a\r)V eTTe0r)K6 TOV K\eojj,/3poTov, Kal TO /SXeyuyua $Lecf>Oapfji€vov 38 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xvn. i-xvm. i time changed back again with the changed fortunes of the men, and was seen sitting as a suppliant with her husband, her arms thrown about him, and a little child clinging to her on either side. All beholders were moved to wonder and tears at the fidelity and devotion of the woman, who, touching her robes and her hair, alike unkempt, said: "This garb, my father, and this appearance, are not due to my pity for Cleombrotus ; nay, ever since thy sorrows and thine exile grief has been my steadfast mate and companion. Must I, then, now that thou art king in Sparta and victorious over thine enemies, continue to live in this sad state, or put on the splendid attire of royalty, after seeing the husband of my youth slain at thy hands ? That husband, unless he persuades and wins thee over by the tears of his wife and children, will pay a more grievous penalty for his evil designs than thou desirest, for he shall see me, his most beloved one, dead before he is. For with what assurance could I live and face the other women, I, whose prayers awakened no pity in either husband or father ? Nay, both as wife and as daughter I was born to share only the misfortune and dishonour of the men nearest and dearest to me. As for my husband, even if he had some plausible excuse for his course, I robbed him of it at that time by taking thy part and testifying to what he had done ; but thou makest his crime an easy one to defend by showing men that royal power is a thing so great and so worth fighting for that for its sake it is right to slay a son-in-law and ignore a child." XVIII. Uttering such supplications Chilonis rested her face upon the head of Cleombrotus and turned 39 PLUTARCH'S LIVES VTTO Au-Tn?? rrepn}veyKev els rou9 Trapovras. 6 Se AewviSas SidXe^del^ rot? rov fJLev KXeou/3/ooToy CKeXzvaev dvaardvra (fiev- yeiv, rr)S Se TratSo? fievetv eSelro teal IJLTJ fcara- \nrelv eawrov ovrco $>I\OVVTCL KOL BeBcoKora 2 TT]V TOV dvbpbs avrfi crwrripiav. ov p,rjv e aXV dviara/JLevu) TW dvSpl OciTepov T&V 7rai&LO)V €yxeipi(ra(Ta, Odrepov S' dvaXa/Sovaa KCU Trpoa-fcv- vr](Jcnua TOV /3a)[j,bv rov ] Oeov avve^XOev, ware el ytt?; TTUVV &i€(f)0ap/A£iios i]v VTTO /cevijs So£?/9 o av ijjijcraro rrjv TT}? /SacriXeta? nelt^ov elvat, Sia rrjv yvvaifca. TacrT^^cra^e^o? Se rov K.\€o/j,/3porov 6 Aewvi- KOL TOU? TT/OCOTOU? e^o/Jou? €Kj3a\wv TT}? 3 TO> "AyiSi. KOI Trpwrov fiev eireidev avrbv dva- KOI rwv TToXircov crvve^rjTrarTJa- Qai yap VTTO rov ' 'PvyriG i\dov veov ovra KOI fyikorifjiov. e/ceivov 8e v<pop(t){i€vov KOL Kara %(*)pav /j,evovros auro? eTravaaro (j>evaici^cav xal Karetpa)vev6/J€i>o$, /cat aLtoa)? /cat dvafiaivovres elajOecrav avrw &ta\ey€cr0ai' /cai Trore /cal TrapaXafiovres eVl \ovrpov dirb rov iepov Kar/f/ayov /cal \ovcrdfjievov rrd\iv et? ib 4 icpbv Karear^aav. Kal fj&av rrdvres /JLCV avru> 6 &€ 6fov Coraes, Bekker, and Ziegler, after Bryan ; TT)S 6tov. * Kal /c«xP7JAt€'J/OJ Coraes and Bekker delete KOL(. 40 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xvm. 1-4 her eyes, all melted and marred with grief, upon the bystanders. Then Leonidas, after conference with his friends, bade Cleombrotus leave his asylum and go into exile, but begged his daughter to remain, and not to abandon him, since he loved her so much, and had made her a free gift of her husband's life. He could not persuade her, however, but when her husband rose to go she put one of her children in his arms, took up the other one herself, and went forth in his company after an obeisance to the altar of the god; so that if Cleombrotus had not been wholly corrupted by vain ambition, he would have con- sidered that exile was a greater blessing for him than the kingdom, because it restored to him his wife. After removing Cleombrotus from his asylum, Leonidas expelled the officiating ephors from their office, appointed others in their place, and at once began to lay plots against the life of Agis. To begin with, he tried to persuade Agis to leave his asylum and share the royal power with him, assuring Agis that the citizens had pardoned him, because, being a young man and ambitious, he had been one of those whom Agesilaiis had completely deceived. But Agis continued to be suspicious and would not leave his asylum. So Leonidas himself stopped trying to cheat and play tricks upon him, but Amphares, Damochares, and Arcesilaiis did not. They were wont to go up to the temple and con- verse with Agis ; and once they actually took him in charge and brought him down from the temple for a bath, and after he had bathed, restored him again to the temple. They were all comrades of his, but Amphares had also borrowed recently some PLUTARCH'S LIVES l/ndna /col Trortfpia TWV fjro\VTe\wv Trap& rfjs 'Ayijo'KTTpdTas eTrefiovXeve Bia ravra TW ftaori\ei real TOU9 yvvai^lv w? airoa'Tepi'ifJwv. Kal /jLoXtard ye at>T09 i>TraKovcrai TO> AewviBa \eyeTai teal Trapo^vvai TOVS efyopovs, &v /cat auro? et? r)v. XIX. 'ETrel Se o *A<yi$ TOP pev ciXXov ev r& lepw Sierpifte ^povov, elwOeu Be KcnaftalveLV ore TV%Ol 7T/30? TO \OVTpOV, €K€i GvXXa/SeLV CLVTOV eyvwcrav, QTCLV e£w TOV lepov <yevr)rai. /ecu irapa- ^)uAa^ayre? \€\ov pevov arJTi]vrr](Tav KCU r}<77ra- cravTo, KOL crvfjLrrpOTJyov a/j.a SiaXeyo/Jievoi, Kal 2 irai^ovTes &)? vrpo? avvrjOrj Kal veov. eKrpojrrjv Be Tiva TT}? oSoO TrXayiav TT^O? TO eyevovro KCIT* avrrjv f3aBi£oVT€S, 6 Bia TO ap^€iv a^lrd/jievo^TOv >» •? ft * \ ^ ' J ' ^ ere, eiTrev, em TOU? e^opou?, a> \6yov i>(f)ej;ovTa ro^v TreTroXireujuievcov " 6 evpwaros wv KOI /jLeyas, TO IfidnoV 3 7T€pt(3a\wv irepl TOV Tpd^rj\ov elXfcev. a\\wv Be eTTwOovvTwv OTTicrOev etc TrapaaKevrjs, ovBevbs fioiiOovvTOS, aXV eprjfua? ovo"r)$, e/jiftaXXovcriv avTov et9 TO Bea'/JLtoT'ijpiov. evOvs Be rrapfjv 6 jj,ev TO ej"O)0ev, ol Be e<j>opot, 737)09 TO *A<yiv elaijXOov, KOI TWV yepovTwv et? TO TOL/9 TavTa /3ov\o/jLevov$, ft)9 avTy <ytvojji€vr)s, e/ceXevov vTrep TWV ire- 4 7rpay/j.€vcov d7ro\oyelaOaL. <ye\da-avTO<s Be TOV veaviaKov 777)09 T?;Z^ elpwvetav avTWv,o f^ev Ajj,<f>a- etcaXei KCU BLKTJV v<f>e£ovTa T?}? , olov AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xvm. 4-xix. 4 costly vestures and beakers from Agesistrata, and therefore plotted to destroy the king and the women, that he might not have to return what he had borrowed. And he, certainly, more than any- one else, as we are told, followed the counsels of Leonidas and embittered the ephors, of whom he was one, against Agis. XIX. Now Agis spent most of his time in the sanctuary, but was wont to go down from time to time to his bath. There, then, they determined to seize him, when he was outside the sanctuary. So they waited till he had finished his bath, and then came to meet him with friendly greetings, and walked along with him, conversing and jesting with him after the manner of youthful comrades. But at a certain point the road branched off towards the prison, and when they were come to that place, Amphares, by virtue of his office, laid hands on Agis and said : " I shall lead thee, Agis, to the ephors, to answer for thy measures of state " ; and Damochares, who was tall and robust, threw his cloak about the king's neck and dragged him along. Others pushed him along from behind, as had been agreed, and since he had no helper but was without a friend, they thrust him into the prison. At once Leonidas was at hand with a large band of mercenaries and surrounded the prison, while the ephors went in to Agis. After sending for those of the senators who were of the same mind as themselves, as though the king were to have a trial, the ephors ordered Agis to defend his conduct of affairs. The young king laughed at their dissimulation, whereupon Amphares threatened that he would rue the day and be punished for his temerity; but another ephor, as 43 PLUTARCH'S LIVES TO) "Ayioi KOI SeiKVvwv aTrofivyrjV 7779 alrias, ilpaiTijo'ev el ravra eirpa^ev VTTO Avo-avSpov /cal 5 *Ayi]cri~\,dov ftiaaOeis. airoKpiva/jievov Se TOV TOV Av/covpyov eTrl Trjv e\6oi 7ro\iT€iav, Trd\iv 6 auTO? r/pcoT^crev el /jieTavoet Tot? TreTTpay/jievcis. <j>ijaavTOS $6 TOV veavLcrtcov /jirj /neTavoelv e-rrl TO?? Ka\\io~Ta fteftov- \€V/jL€voi$, KCLV TO, ea^aTa TreiaofJievov avTov iSrj, OdvaTOv avTov KaTe-^n^Lo-avTO, Kal TOU? uTT^era? 6 e/ce\€vov dye iv els TIJV /ca\ov/j,evrjv Ae^aSa. TOVTO Se IGTIV o'tKrifxa TT}? eipKTTJs ev w OavaTOVcn TOU? /ca~aoiKovs (iTTO7rviyovTG<$. opoiv Be TOL<? VTTrjpeTCis o Aa/uo^apr;? ov TO\jjLO)VTas dtyacrOat TOv"AyiSo$, Be Ka\ TWV fjii(r0o(f)6pct>v TOU? Tra/aeo-TWTa? Kai (foeuyovTas TO epyov, oo? ov @€jj,iTov ovBe vevop,io~iJiivov /3a(Ti\ea>$ a(t)ju,aTi Ta? 804 >, oia7r€i\r)o~(ifjL€i>o<} avTots K,CL(, ei\tcev at»To? et? TO ol'/cijfj,a TOV ' Ayiv. yap yaurivTO TroXXot Ttjv (rv\\rr)~^riv, /cal *jv evrl Tat? Ovpais Kal (^wra TroXXa, KOL 1] T€ jJLTjTrip TOV ' AyiBo$ KCLl T! fJ.djA/jL1} teal oe6/j,evai TOV /SacriXea Twv^TrapTiaTwv \oyov /cal Arpicrea)? Tv^elv eV Tot? TroXtVa^?. 8/0 Kal /xaXto-ra KaTtjTrei^av T^i' dvaipeo~iv, &)? < Trayr)(To/jLevov VVKTOS av TrXe/o^e? €Tre\0a)o~iv. ~V~V (f~\ ^ * * A ' v v AA. ij yu-ei^ ofz^ A^yt? eTTt T^I^ Tropevofjievos, cu? ei^e Tii/a Taif VTnipeT&v Ba/cpv- 44 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xix. 4-xx. i though plainly offering Agis a way ot escape from the charges against him, asked him if he had done what he did under compulsion from Lysander and Agesilaiis. And when Agis answered that he had suffered compulsion from no one, but that in admira- tion and imitation of Lycurgus he had adopted the same public policy as his, the same ephor asked again if he repented of what he had done. But the young king declared that he had no repentance for what he had most excellently planned, and would not have, even if he saw that he was to suffer the extremest penalty. So they condemned him to death, and ordered the officers to lead him into the " Dechas," as it was called. This is a chamber of the prison in which they strangle those who are under sentence of death. But Damochares, when he saw that the officers did not dare to lay hands on Agis, and like- wise that even the mercenaries who were there shrank from the deed and were loth to do it, feelin<r y o as they did that it was contrary to the laws of God and man to lay hands upon the person of a king, heaped threats and abuse upon them and himself dragged Agis into the chamber of death. For already many people were aware of the arrest, and there was a noisy throng at the door and many torches, and the mother and grandmother of Agis were there, with cries and prayers that the king of the Spartans should have a hearing and a trial before the citizens. For this reason especially the ephors hastened on the king's execution, believing that he would be taken out of their hands in the night if the concourse should increase. XX. Agis, then, on his way to the halter, saw one of the officers shedding tears of sympathy for him. 45 PLUTARCH'S LIVES r>v-ra Kal rrepiTraOovvra, " ilavcrai //£," eljTer, ai'OpwTre, K\aiwv' Kal yap OVTWS Trapavofiws dBiKcos a7ro\\v/n€vos KpeiTTwv elfJU TWV avaipovv- TCOV ' Koi 70,1)7' elrrcbv TrapeBwK€ r5> /5/jo^o) 701 2 -1\0l' €KOV<TLCdS. 6 eirl ra? Ovpas, Kal TIJV '^yijcricrTpaTav jrpocr- irecrovcrav avra) Bia crvvi]@eiav KCU{ (£>I\LCLV ava- cr7?;'(7a?, ov&ev e<prf Trepl TOV \\yiv ecrecrdai ftiaiov ov8e avi]K€G"rov eieeXeve Be Ka/ceivrjv, el /3ov\oiTO, Trpos roi> viov el<re\6elv. etceiinjs Be teal rrtv H&T' airrfft wapeivai $eofJL€vi)s ovSev 3 o \ OV TTporepav p.ev rrjv ' A.p%i8a/juav Tr <T(f)6^pa TrpecrftuTiv ovcrav Kal KarayeyijpaKvlai' ev a^KOfiari p.€yi(n(i) rcov 7ro\iTiB(0v, drroOavov- (TJjs Be efceLvrf; eKe\evcre TIJV ' A^y^aLcrrpdrav ecrco 4 /3a$i£eiv. 0)9 Be €lae\6ov(ja TOV Te vibv eOedcraTo \aaal Keifievov Kal 7/;z' fj.i-jTepa veKpav eK TOV fipo^ov KpepafJLevrjv, exeivrjv fiev au7?; 70?? vrrrfpe- 7af? crvyKaOelXe Kal TrapeKTeii-acra ra5 *A.yi8i TO 7repie<TT6i\e Kal KaTeKaXv^e" T£) Be vlu> Kal (j)i\i'/<racra TO TrpocrcoTrov, " CH 7ro\\?;' cr£," elrrev, " w rral, ev\d/3eia Kal TO Trpaov 5 Kal i\dv9u)7rov a~'j}\e<je xeO" 7twi'." o Be CITTO 7>}? GvpcLS opwv TO, yivo/j.ei>a Kal e, Ka /X67' opyffc eiTTev " Et Tolwv? ec/)?;, eSoiei/JLa^e^ TW viw, TavTa Kal freury." ) ' Xyrjcna-TpaTa TT/PO? TOV AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xx. 1-5 "My man/' said he, "cease weeping; for even though I am put to death in this lawless and unjust manner, I have the better of my murderers." And saying these words, he offered his neck to the noose without hesitation. But Amphares went to the door of the prison, where Agesistrata fell at his feet in an appeal to his friendship and intimacy. Amphares lifted her up and assured her that Agis was not to suffer violence or death ; and he bade her, if she wished, go in to her son. And when Agesistrata begged that her mother might go in with her, Amphares said there was nothing to prevent. So he admitted both the women, and after ordering the door of the prison to be locked again, delivered Archidamia first to the executioners. She was now a very aged woman, and had lived all her days in very high repute among her countrywomen. After she had been put to death, Amphares ordered Agesistrata to enter the chamber of execution. So she went in, and when she saw her son lying dead upon the ground, and her mother's dead body still hanging in the noose, with her own hands she helped the officers to take her down, laid her body out by the side of Agis, and composed and covered it. Then, embracing her son and kissing his face, she said : " My son, it was thy too great regard for others, and thy gentleness and humanity, which has brought thee to ruin, and us as well." Then Amphares, who stood at the door and saw and heard what she did and said, came in and said angrily to her : " If, then, thou hast been of the same mind as thy son, thou shalt also suffer the same fate." And Agesistrata, as she rose to present her neck to the 47 '* »» PLUTARCH'S LIVES Movov," €<£>;, " crvveveyKai Tavra rfj XXI. ToO Be TrdOovs et? rr/f TTO\LV e Oivros Kol TWV rpiwv o~wjj,drcov eKKOfJU^o^evdnv ovtc o >oySo9 OVTO) fjieyas, ware fJLrf KaTatyaveis elvat TOI;? TroXtra? dXyovvras fi€V eVt rot? Be TOV AewviBav teal TOV ' ev Beivorepov /jirjBe dvcKTiayrepov e^ ov TIe\07r6vvr]crov olfcovaiv olofievovs ev ^Trdprrj TTC- 2 irpa^OaL. j3d(Ti\el yap, w? eoLK€, AaKeBatfj,oviwv ovBe ol 7ro\efuot pa&iws eVrat? yiia^ irpoaefyepov ra? %€lpa$, aXV direrperrovro KOI oreftoiJtevoi, TO aj~LwjjLa. Bio KOI TTO\\MV ye<yo- VOTCDV AatceBai/jLovLOis ay^vwv jrpos r/Ei\\rjva<s el? /uoz/09 dvypedr) Trpb rwv <&i\i7nritc&v Bopari, TT\r)- 7619 7re/ot AevKrpa KXeo/z/9/30TO?. ^Lecrcrrjvitov Be KOi ©eOTTO/LLTTOV VTT 'AyOf (7TO/A6VOV$ 7TeO~€.lv \€y6l>TCi)V 3 ou <^)acri Aa/ceBai/jiovioi, irKTjyijvat Be p,6vov. d\~\a ravra p.ev e^et Tivas d/jL^iXoyias. ev Be Aa/ceBai- IJLOVI TT/JCUTO? *A7*9 fiacriXevwv VTTO TO)V e(f>6pcov , /ca\d fjiev epya real Trpeirovra rfj ^irdpjy £e yeyovcbs ev y dp.aprd- vovres av0pa)7roio-v<yyva>fj,'r]<; Tvy%dvovo~i, /zeya^^ek ^€ VTTO TWV (f)L\.COV BlKdlOTepOV T) TWV C^OpCOV, OTl KOI AewvLBav Trepieo-wo-e teal rot? a'XXoi? eVt- KCU TrpaoraTos 48 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xx. 5-xxi. 3 noose, said : " My only prayer is that this may bring good to Sparta." XXI. YVhen tidings of the sad event had been carried to the city and the three bodies were carried forth for burial, the fear felt by the citizens was not so strong as to prevent them from manifesting sorrow over what had been done, and hatred for Leonidas and Amphares. It was thought that nothing more dreadful or heinous had been done in Sparta since the Dorians had dwelt in Peloponnesus. For against a king of the Lacedaemonians, as it seems, not even their enemies would willingly raise their hands if they met him in battle, but they would spare him, out of fear and reverence for his dignity. And for this reason, although there had been many conflicts between Lacedaemonians and other Greeks, only one Spartan king had been slain up to the time of Philip of Macedon, namely, Cleom- brotus, who was smitten by a spear at Leuctra.1 The Messenians, however, say that Theopompus also fell in battle, at the hands of Aristomenes ; but the Lacedaemonians deny this, and say that their king was only wounded. This matter may be disputed : but Agis was certainly the first king of Sparta to be put to death by the ephors. And yet he had chosen a line of conduct that was noble and worthy of Sparta, and was of an age in which men are usually pardoned for their errors, and his friends could with more justice blame him than his enemies, because he spared the life of Leonidas, and, most mild and gentle man that he was, put faith in his other foes. 1 See the Pelopldas, xxiii. 49 PLUTARCH'S LIVES KAEOMENH2 I. 'KnoOavovTos Be avrov TOV /uev dBe\<bbv 805 'Ap%iBa/jiov OVK e<f)0-r) (rv\\a/3eiv 6 e/cffrvybma, TTJV Be yvraiKa TrcuSbOV veoyvbv etc r?}? olfcias drrayaycDV /3ta Tft) VIW (TVVWKlGtV OV TTCLVV yd/LLWV WpCtV TIJV Be avOpa)7Tov a\\(p SoOr/vai r)V jap overlap re /j.eyaXri^ €7TiK\i)po$ TJ ' Tv\L7nrov rov Trarpos, copa re KOL Ka\\ei TTO\V TWV 'E'XXrjviSwv SiCKpepovaa teal TOV Tpojrov CTTieiKifc. Sib TroAAa fjiev erroL^o'ev, co? (fiadi, /Arj ftiaa9r)va(, Seo/jLevrj, avi><ik6ovo-a Se tt? ravrb TCO KXeo/jieveL TOV fjiev AewviSav e/jiiaeL, Trepl Be avrbv TOV veav'iCTKov r^v ayadrj yvvr] KOL (f)i\6crTOpyos, iKws afia TU> \aftelv TT/JO? i TLva Tponov av/j.TraOovi'Ta TTJ TT/OO? TOV evvoia Kal jLVr T>9 vvaiKos, wcrre /cal rrvv- 7roXXa/ci? nepl TWV yeyovoTwv eTrf/u-eXw? Sn^OL'/zeVr;? efceivr)? T)V b e Bidvoiav Kal Trpoaipecnv. Be /cal (friXorifjios fjiev Kal ^eya\6(f)pa)i' 6 Kal TT/QO? ey/cpdreiav /cal dtyeXetav ov% TOV "AyiBos ev TretyvKws, TO ^e ev\a/3es ayav e/ceivo /cal irpaov OVK ei^ei1, d\\a Kevrpov TI dvfjiov TT) (frvaei Trpoae/ceiTo /cal //-era ff<poBp6ryj- TO? opfjbr) 7T/309 TO (^aivbfjLevov del Ka\bv. e^alve-TO Be /cd\\L(TTov fjiev avru) /cpareiv e/covTwv, /ca\6v Be /cal fjLr] Tf&iQo^vwv Trepielvai TT/JO? TO fte\Tiov AGIS AND CLEOMENES, i. 1-3 CLEOMENES I. Upon the death of Agis l his brother Archidamus at once took to flight, and thus escaped arrest at the hands of Leonidas ; but his wife, who had an infant son, was taken from her home by Leonidas and com- pelled to marry his son Cleomenes. Cleomenes was too young for marriage, but Leonidas was unwilling to have Agiatis marry anyone else. For she was heir to the great estate of her father Gylippus, in youthful beauty she far surpassed the other women of Greece, and she had an excellent disposition. Therefore she begged most earnestly, we are told, that she should not be forced into this marriage, but after she was united to Cleomenes, though she hated Leonidas, to the young man himself she was a good and affec- tionate wife. And he, as soon as Agiatis was his, became passionately fond of her, and in a way sym- pathized with her devotion to the memory of Agis, so that he would often ask her about the career of Agis, and listen attentively as she told of the plans and purposes which Agis had formed. And, besides, Cleomenes was aspiring and magna- nimous, and no less prone by nature than Agis to self-restraint and simplicity. He had not, however, the scrupulous and gentle nature for which Agis was remarkable, and his natural courage was always goading him on, as it were, and fiercely impelling him towards that which in any case appeared to be the honourable course. He thought it a most excellent thing to rule over willing subjects, but a good thing also to subdue such subjects as were disobedient, and force them towards the better goal. 1 About 241 B.a PLUTARCH'S LIVES II. OvK Jjpe&Ke /JLeV OVV dVTO) TO, Kara T1]V 7r6\iv, CLTrpay/jiOcrvvrj real rjBovf) KaTaKeKi-jXrjfjLei'wv T0)v 7ro\iTwv Kal TOV (3a<Ti\ew<$ TrdvTa TO, irpdy- fjiara %aipeiv ecoiro?, el /nr/Bels avTOv €vo%\oir) cryoXa^eii; ev afyOovoLS tcai rpv(£>dv /3ov\6/n€vov, du€\ov/j.ev(0v Se TWV KOIV&V, rear olrciav kKciarov Trpo? avrbv eXtcovros TO Kep$a\eov dcrK^aew^ Be Kal (jwfypcxTvvris rewv Kal Kaprepias teal icro- TT;TO? ov$e acr^aXe? rjv TOVTWV rwv Trepl *A.yi,v Be Kal \oywv <$>i\ocr6(f)c0v rov K.\eo- 'xeiv en fxeipctKiov ovra, ^(fraipov TOV BopvcrOeviTov Trapa(3a\6vTo<; eh TTJV AaKeBai/jiova Kal Trepl TOVS veovs Kal TOV$ €<f>i]/3ovs OVK ayiteXw? SiaTpijBovTos. o Be 2</>ai/oo? ev rot? TrpcoTois eye- TWV Ziijvwvos TOV KtTiew? fj,ad^T(t)i>, Kal TOV eoiKe TT}? ^ucrew? TO dvBpwBes dya- T€ Kal TrpocreKKavaai Trjv 3 AewviBav /j,ev yap TOV Tra\aibv \eyovo-iv, eirepw- 7To?o? Ti? avTw (fraiveTai, 7ron)Trjs ye- Tu/3rat09> elirelv "'Aya^o? veu>v €/jL7rnr~\.d/jLevoi yap viro TMV evOova'iaa'iJLOv Trapd ra? /ita^a? rj<peiBovv o Be ^TCOIKOS Xoyo? e^ei TL TTpos ra? (frvcreis Kal o£aa? eVfcr^aXe? Kal irapd- fio\ov, (Badel Be Kal irpam Kepavvv^evos jjOei, udXiaTa et? TO olxelov dyaOov eTTiBiBcocriv. III. 'Evret Be TeXeuT^^crayTO? TOU AewviBov rrjv ?ra/)eXa/9e Kal TOU? TroXtTa? TOTC Bij eVXeXu/zeVou? ewpa, TWV /.iev TT\OV- criwv Ka@* rjBoi'd? ISia? Kal vrXeoi'e^ta? Trapo- AGIS AND CLEOMENES, n. i-m. i II. Of course, then, the condition of the city was not pleasing to him. The citizens had been lulled to sleep by idleness and pleasure ; the king was willing to let all public business go, provided that no one thwarted his desire for luxurious living in the midst of his wealth ; the public interests were neglected, while every man was eagerly intent upon his own private gain; and as for practice in arms, self-restraint in the young, hardiness, and equality, it was even dangerous to speak of these now that Agis was dead and gone. It is said also that Cleomenes studied philosophy when he was still a stripling, after Sphaerus of Borysthenis had made a voyage to Sparta and busied himself sedulously there with the youth and young men. Sphaerus had become one of the leading disciples of Zeno of Citium, and it would appear that he admired the manly nature of Cleomenes and in- creased the fires of his high ambition. For Leonidas of old, as we are told, when asked what manner of poet he thought Tyrtaeus to be, replied; "A good one to inflame the souls of young men." And indeed they were filled with divine inspiration by his poems, and in battle were prodigal of their lives. However, for great and impetuous natures the Stoic doctrines are somewhat misleading and dangerous, although when they permeate a deep and gentle character, they redound most to its proper good. III. But at the death of Leonidas1 Cleomenes came to the throne, and saw that the citizens were by that time altogether degenerate. The rich neglected the common interests for their own private 1 In 235 B.C. Cleomenes was then about twenty -four years of age. TOL. T. 53 PLUTARCH'S LIVES pcf)VT(0v TO, Kotvd, TWV Be TroXXooi/ Bid rb Trepl TCL ol/ceia KCU irpb^ TOV teal 7T/9O? TTjV ajwjrjv avTOv Be ovo^a {BaaiXevovTOs 2 fjibvov, TI Be dp\i] Trdcra TGOV e<$bpu>v, evOvs et? vovv e0€TO TCL TrctpovTct pzQ iGTcuvai real Kivelv, 6Wo? Be avTM <f)i\ov Izevdpovs, epaarov <yeyovbro<$ (TOVTO Be efJurvelaOai Aa/ceBai/jiovLOi rovrov Biairvv6avop.ei>os TOV * ryevoiro fiaai\evs KOI T'IVI Tpbirw KOI ejrl TUVT^V e\9oi Tr/v 6B6v. b Be TO fjiev TrpwTov OVK drjBws e/me/^i>r)TO TWV irpay- p,aT<t)v erceivfov, <W9 eTrpd^Or] tcaff efcaaTa fMv0o\o- 806 3 <ywv KOL Bir/yov/jievos' co? Be rjv KaTafyavr)1? b efjiTraOecrTepou Trpoae^wv KCU KLVOV- 77730? TYJV KaivoTo^iav TOV "AyiBo? KOI Tavra TroXXa/ff? dicoveiv W 7T/309 bpyr)V b i re'Xo? direaTrj TOV Bia\€<yea'0ai KOI <$>OLTCLV avTov, ovBevl ^kvTOi TTJV aiTiav efipaae T?}? Bia(f)0pa$, aA,X' CLVTOV efii] yivwcr/ceiv eitelvov. 4 Oi/rft) ^e TOV tlevdpovs dvTiKpovcravTOS b KXeo- teal TOL/? aXXou? o^ota)? e^eiv ev eavTro <rvveTi0ei TTJV Trpafyv. 8* av ev TToXe/xw p,a\\ov r) /car' elpijwrjv aai TCL Trapbvra, crvveKpovcre TT/JOV rou? Trjv Trb\tv, avTovs BiBbi'Tas e<yK\r)/jidTQ)v Trpo- (f)d(rei<t. b yap "A/oaro? Icr^ycov ^L^KJTOV ev rot? *A^aiot? efBovkeTO /JLCV e£ dp%rjs et? /j,iav avvTa^iv dyayeiv T\.e\OTrovvria-iov<;, Kal TOVTO TWV 7ro~\Xwv CLVT& KUL TT}? p.aKpd^ TroXtreta? t]v 54 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, in. 1-4 pleasure and aggrandizement; the common people, because of their wretched state at home, had lost all readiness for war and all ambition to maintain the ancient Spartan discipline; and he himself, Cleomenes, was king only in name, while the whole power was in the hands of the ephors. He therefore at once determined to stir up and change the existing order of things, and as he had a friend, Xenares, who had been his lover (or inspirer, as the Spartans say), he would make trial of his sentiments by inquiring in detail what sort of a king Agis had been, and in what way and with what assistants he had entered upon the course of action so fatal to him. At first Xenares was quite glad to recall those matters, and rehearsed the events at length and in detail ; but when it was apparent that Cleomenes took an unusual interest in the story, and was profoundly stirred by the innova- tions of Agis, and wished to hear about him over and over again, Xenares rebuked him angrily, calling him unsound in mind, and finally stopped visiting and conversing with him. To no one, however, did he tell the reason of their variance, but merely said that Cleomenes understood it. And so Cleomenes, finding Xenares averse, and thinking that everybody else was of like mind with him, began to arrange his project all by himself. And because he thought that he could better bring about his reforms in time of war than in the midst of peace, he embroiled the state with the Achaeans, who were themselves giving grounds for complaint. For Aratus, the most powerful man among the Achaeans, was from the outset desirous of bringing all the Peloponnesians into one confederation, and this was the end pursued by him during his many 55 PLUTARCH'S LIVES av oi/Tft>9 6 ZcreaOai TO?? eVro? iroKefjiio^. eVet 3e T&V d\\wv (r%toov drrdvTwv avTU) TTpocryeyovoTwv ttTreXet- TTOVTO AaKeBai/Liovioi Kal 'HXetot teal ooroi Aarce- ^ai/JiovioL^ 'Ap/cdSwv Trpoael^ov, ajJLO, rw rov Aewvi&av cnroOaveiv 7raprfvu>-^\et, rot? 'Ap/cdcri Kal TrepietcoTrrev avT&v jjidXiara TOU? rot? /cal rov KXeo/jievovs co? veov Kal direipov Kara* IV. 'E/c TOVTOV KXeofMevrj Trpwrov ol e ara\ri^rop.evov TO irepl rrjv Be\/3ivav . e/x/SoXr/ Be TT}? AaKwviKrjs TO eVrt, Kal Tore vrpo? TOI;? MeyaXoTroXt'ra? &LKOV. KaTa\afBovTOs Be TOVTO Kal TOU KXeo/zeVou? o "A/jaro? ovdev e'-y/caXeVa?, aXXa VVKTOS eKGrparevcras eTre^eiprjae Teyedrai^ Kal 2 JOp%o/uieviot<$. TWV Be irpo^orwv dTroBeiKLacrdvTwv 6 /iei/ "A/oaro? dve^jcap^cfe \e\rjdevai VOJJLL^WV, o Se KXeoyLteVr;? elpwvela %pc0[j,evos eypatye y a)? 8^ irapa <^L\ov TrvvOavo/JLevos trov OS e%e\0oi. rov Be avriypatyavros w? e /JLe\\etv Tei^i^eiv aKovcra? Kara/Bail] TOVTO K(D\V<J(I)V, ird\iv 6 TOVTO Kal Ta? /cXt/^a/tac," etjrev, " el /JLTJ TL aoi Bia(j)epeit rypdtyov f)iMV, em Tt crof irapr]KO\ov- 3 QovvT TOV Be ' ApaTov vrpo? TO cr/cw^a <ye\d- Kal TTvvOavofievov TTOIO? Tt? o veavitr/eos o AaKeBai/novLOS (frvyds, " Et " TT/OO? aKeaijjLovovs, wpa 56 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, in. 4-iv. 3 generalships and his long political activity, since he was of the opinion that in this way alone would they be safe from the attacks of their enemies without. Nearly all the other Peloponnesians adopted his views, but the Lacedaemonians, the Eleians, and the Arca- dians who sided with the Lacedaemonians, held aloof. Therefore, as soon as Leonidas was dead, Aratus be- gan to harass the Arcadians, and ravaged the terri- tories of those especially who were adjacent to Achaea. His object was to put the Lacedaemonians to the test, and he despised Cleomenes as a young and in- experienced man. IV. Upon this, the ephors began operations by sending Cleomenes to occupy the precinct of Athena at Belbina. This commands an entrance into Laconia, and was at that time a subject of litigation with the Megalopolitans. After Cleomenes had occupied and fortified this place, Aratus made no public protest, but led out his forces one night and tried to surprise Tegea and Orchomenus. Those who were to betray the places to him, however, played the coward, and Aratus withdrew, thinking that his attempt had escaped notice. But Cleomenes wrote him an ironical letter, inquiring, as from a friend, whither he had marched out in the night. Aratus wrote back that hearing of Cleomenes' intention to fortify Belbina he had gone down there to prevent it. Whereupon Cleomenes sent back word again that he believed this story to be true; "but those torches and ladders," said he, "if it is all one to thee, tell me for what purpose thou hadst them with thee." Aratus burst out laughing at the jest, and inquired what manner of youth this was. Whereupon Damocrates, the Lacedaemonian exile, replied : " If thou hast designs 57 PLUTARCH'S LIVES aoi Ta^vveiv Trpb TOV KevTpa (pvcrai TOVTOV TOV >» V€0<J"(70V. 'E/e TOVTOV KXeo/teVet yuero. iTnriwv oXiycov Kal TpLaKoaiwv ev 'Ap/oiSia crTpaTOTreSevo/jLevw irpocreTa^av dva^wpelv ol e^opoi, (£>o(3ov/j,€voi TOV 4 TcoKefiov. eirel 8e dvaj(wpri(TavTO^ avTov Kac^ua? €\a/3ev 6 "ApaTO?, av0i<? e^eire/jiTrov TOV KXeo- /nevrj. Xa/Soi'To? Se avTov MeOvSpiov Kal TTJV KaTaSpa/novTOS, e^e&TpdTevcrav ol $(crp,vpiois Tre^ot? Kal p^tXtot? r; KXeo/xei'OL'? /cat fiovXo/jievov , (f)o/3?jdels TTJV To\fiav 6 "Aparo? OVK eiacre BiaKivSwevcrat. TOV aTpaTiyyov, aXX' a7rrj\0e \oi&o povfjievos p,ev VTTo TWV 'Axaiwv, y^keva^o- Se Kal KaTa^povov/jLevo^ VTTO TMV AaxeSai- ovoe TrevTaKKT^iXiwv TO 7r\f}@os OVTWV. ovv TU> <oviiaTi <e<ova)<; 6 TT/PO? TOU? TroXtra?, Kal TWV aurou? dve/jLi/jLvrjcTKe (BaaiKewv GITTOVTOS ov QTI l AaKeSaifjiovioi TcvvOdvovTai Trepl TWV iwVt OV TTOCTOi 61CTLV, d\\a 7TOV 6L(riV. V. Evret 8e rot? 'HXe/ot? TroXe/xou^te^oi? VTTO TWV ^A^aia)v (SoyO rfGrast Kal Trepl TO AvKaiov jBrj rot? 'A^ctfOi? €7TL^a\(t)v, airav /nev 807 Kal SieTTTOijcrev avTwv TO dveiXe Kal ^covTas eXa/Bev, cocrre Trepl 'Aparof (p'rjfjirjv exTreaeiv et? roi'9 a)? TedvrjKOTOS, o fjiev "Aparo? apiaia TW Kaipy €K TT}? T/JOTT?}? eKeiv^ evOvs eVl ou /uarrjy 6Vi Sinteuis (com.) and Blass, after Stephanus : tlirAvros on \ta.Ti\v (MSS.). 53 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, iv. 3-v. i upon the Lacedaemonians, see that thou hastenest, before this young cock grows his spurs." After this, when Cleomenes with a few horsemen and three hundred foot-soldiers was making an expe- dition in Arcadia, the ephors, fearing the issue of the war, ordered him to come back home. After he had returned, however, Aratus seized Caphyae, and the ephors sent Cleomenes forth again. He seized Me- thydrium and overran the territory of Argolis, where- upon the Achaeans marched out with twenty thousand foot-soldiers and a thousand horsemen under Aristo- machus as general. Cleomenes met them at Pallan- tium and offered battle, but Aratus, in fear of this boldness, would not suffer his general to hazard the issue, and retired. For this he was reproached by the Achaeans, and jeered at and despised by the Lacedaemonians, who were less than five thousand strong. Cleomenes was therefore greatly lifted up in spirit and began to show a bold front to the citizens ; and he would often remind them of one of their ancient kings 1 who said, and not idly either, " The Lacedaemonians are wont to ask, not how many, but where, their enemies are." V. After this, he went to the aid of the Eleians, upon whom the Achaeans were making war, and falling upon the Achaeans near Mt. Lycaeum, as they were withdrawing, he put their entire army to panic flight, slew great numbers of them, and took many prisoners, so that even Aratus was widely reported among the Greeks to be dead. But Aratus, making the best use of his opportunity, immediately after 1 Agis II. (427-398 B.C.); cf. the Morals, pp. 190 c; 215 d. 59 PLUTARCH'S LIVES Mavriveiav ?)\9e KOI /z^Sez/o? dv TrpocrBoKijcravros 2 el\e rr]v rro\iv KOI Karea%e, rcov Be rravrdrracri rat? va)/Aai<; dvarreaovrwv KOI TO> K\eo/jL€vei vrpo? ra? arpareias e fjirjcre /neraTTe/^Treadat rov "A^ytSo? d$e\(f)ov ' SdfJLOV €/C M.€(T(7rjVT]<;, <j> /3a<Tl\€VeiV CLTTO T olrcia? TJV Trpocrfjfcov, olo/nevos afjL^\vrepav TTJV rcov 3 A^al o\oK\rjpov <yevofjLevri<$. ol Be avr)pr)Korres irpo- repov TOV* k<yiv alaQo^voi TOVTO, fcal (f)o/3r)6ei'T€S fir) BLKIJV BW<TI rov *Ap%i$dfj,ov /caTe\06i>Tos, eSe- %CLVTO fjiev avrov ei? TVJV TTQ\,IV irapa'yevo^Levov vfya KOL o-wyKaTrjyov, ev9vs Be aTrktcizivav, etre a/covros TOU KXcoyLteVou?, &)? oterat elre Treicrflei'Tos iiiro TWV $i\wv real 7rpoe/j,evov rbv avOpwrrov avrols. rfjs yap dina? TO rr\el(Trov eV etceivovs rfkOe fteftidaOai rov KXeoyLteV^ Borcovvras. VI. Ou priv d\\a Kivelv evOus eyvwfecos ra Kara rrjv rro\iv, eVetcre TOU? e'^opoi;? xptfpatnv OTTO)? avrw tyijcfiia'wvrai crrpareiav. eOepaTrevcre £e ical rwv d\\o)i> cru^ou? Bid TT}? <p6iBo)s crvy%opr)'yov(Tr)/$ Kal , r) ye Kal yd/Jiov /JLTJ Beo/j.ei'rj \eyerai, Bid rov vlov dvBpa \aftelv rrpwrevovra Bo^rj Kal 2 Bvvd/Jiei rwv rro\ira)v. effayayobv Be rrjv arpa- reiav Kara^\.a/jt,{3dvei, T?}? MeyaXoTroXtVtSo? %wpiov AevKrpa' Kal yevo/JLevij? vryoo? avrov o^eta? rwv 60 AG1S AND CLEOMENES, v. i-vi. 2 this defeat marched to Mantineia, and to everybody's surprise captured and held the city. At this the Lacedaemonians were altogether disheartened and opposed any further expedition on the part of Cleo- menes. He therefore determined to summon from Messene the brother of Agis, Archidamus,1 who was the rightful king from the other royal house, thinking that the power of the ephors would be diminished if the royal power were restored to its full strength so as to counterbalance it. But those who had formerly murdered Agis comprehended this design, and fear- ing that they would pay the penalty for their crime if Arcliidamus was restored, thev did indeed receive + •/ him when he came secretly into the city, and assisted in his restoration, but immediately put him to death. Cleomenes may have been opposed to this, as Phylarchus thinks, or perhaps he was persuaded by his friends to abandon the hapless man to his murderers. For the greater part of the blame attached itself to them, since they were thought to have constrained Cleomenes. VI. However, having determined to attempt at once his reforms in the state, Cleomenes bribed the ephors to send him on an expedition. He also won the favour of large numbers of the citizens with the help of his mother Cratesicleia, who assisted him liberally in providing ways and means, and shared his ambitions. It is even said that although she had no desire to marry again, for the sake of her son she took a husband who was foremost among the citizens in reputation and influence. So Cleomenes led forth his forces and occupied Leuctra, a stronghold of Megalopolis. The Achaeans, under the command of 1 See chapter i. 1. 61 PLUTARCH'S LIVES (SorjOelas 'Apdrov err parity ovvro<$, VTTO rrjv TroXiv avrrjv Trapara^dfjievos i]rri'-j9ri fiepei Tivl rov arparev/jiaros. errel Se %apd8pav nvd OVK el'aae ^iajBrvai TOU? 'Amou? 6 3 "Aparos, aXX' eVecrr^cre TI^V &l Se AvSidSas 6 7T€pl CLVTOV /TTTTeZ? KOL KOI rd<f)p(i)v KOL iziyJMV fiearbv eVo-etcra? 8iacnraa'0els irepl ravra $a)v 6 K.\fOfjLevrj<? dvrjfce Tovs'Ydpavrivovs teal TOL>? K^^ra? eV avrov, v(f>* a)v 6 Av&idSas d^vvop.ei>o^ €up(t)O"rco$ eVecre. TT/JO? rovro Oappijo-avres ol /nerd /Soi)? eve/3a\ov roZ? ' \ov rov crrpar€v/j,aro^ 4 diroOavovrwv Se avyy&v TOU? /uei' aXXoi;? UTTO- CTTTO^SOU? 6 KXeo^te^? aTre'&rotfe, TOZ^ 8e vetcpov d^Orfvai TT/OO? avrov KeKevcras, iSi, teal crrefyavov emOeis, 77/309 ra9 . ouro? 6 Kara&e/uevos rr)i> rvpavviSa Kal rot? aTToSot'9 T^I/ 6\,ev0epiav Kal rrjv 7ro\iv VII. 'E/e rovrov KXeo/jievris /jLeya (ppovwv rj^rj, Kal 7T/J09 €7TLKparr)(jeiv, eSiSacrKe rov r/}9 yLt^T/309 dvSpa 009 %/3^ TCOI^ etyopwv drra\\a<yev'Ta/s 6elvai rd Krrf/^ara rot? 7ro\i~aL<^ Kal rr/v 2<7rdprr)v larjv yei'Ofievrjv eyeipeiv Kal Trpodyeiv eVt r^f T7}9 'EXXaSo9 rjyefjLoviav. rfeKrOkvro^ 8' €K€ivov Svo rwv d\\wv (f)i\Q)v rj rpeis Trpocre- 62 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, vi. 2-vn. i Aratus, came swiftly to the aid of their allies against him, and Cleomenes, after drawing up his forces under the very walls of the city, was worsted at one point. But Aratus would not permit the Achaeans to cross a certain deep ravine, and brought his pursuit to a stop. Lydiadas the Megalopolitan, however, chafing at this, dashed on with the horsemen under his com- mand, and pursuing the enemy into a place full of vines, ditches, and walls, had his ranks broken and thrown into disorder thereby, and bes;an to fall into •* •* o difficulties. Cleomeiies, observing this, sent against him his Tarentines and Cretans, at whose hands Lydiadas, defending himself sturdily, fell. At this the Lacedaemonians took courage and with a shout fell upon the Achaeans and routed their entire army. Great numbers of them were slain, and their bodies Cleomenes restored at the enemy's request; but the body of Lydiadas he asked to have brought to him, arrayed it in a purple robe and put a crown upon the head, and then sent it back to the gates of Megalopolis. This was the Lydiadas who renounced the tyranny, gave back to the citizens their freedom, and attached the city to the Achaean league. VII. After this, Cleomenes, being now greatly elated, and persuaded that if he could keep the control of things entirely in his own hands during the war with the Achaeans, he would easily obtain the mastery, began to instruct his mother's husband, Megistonoiis, that they must needs get rid of the ephors, put the property of the citizens into a common stock, and rouse and incite the Spartans, thus put upon their old footing of equality, to assume the supremacy in Greece. Megistonoiis was convinced, and enlisted in the cause two or three of his friends besides. 63 PLUTARCH'S LIVES 2 ^vveftrj Be rrepi ra? rjuepas etceivas /cal rcov efyopwv eva /coi/j,a)/ji6vov ev Tlacr/^aa? ovap IBeiv OavfJLacrrov eB6/cei <ydp ev w TOTTM rot? efyopois €$09 ecrrl /cafle^o/uLevots j^prffiaTi^eiv eva 8i(f>pov tcelcr@ai, TOU? 8e rerrapa? avijprj(r&ai, KOL &VTOS avrov $(t)i'r)v e/c rov tepov 3 ^ovaav <w? TOVTO rfj ^Trdprrj \u>ov eari. ravrrjv rrjv o^riv Sirjyov/jievov rov efiopov Trpbs TOV KXeo- 808 fjL€i»), TO fjiev TrpwTov Sierapd^drj /cad' V Tivd TTGipd^ecrO ai SOKWV, &>? Se eTreicrOr) &€<T0ai rov £>ir]>yov/A€vov, eddpprjo-e. KOI \a/3u>v oVou? vrrooTTTeve /jidkicrra TWV 7ro\ira)v evavrio)- <T€(T0ai 7T/309 rifv Trpd^iV, 'Hpaiav xal ^ A\aaiav ra? vroXet? rarro/^eva^ VTTO rot? 'A^atot? el\e, Ka\ crliov eiGijyayev 'Op^o/^e/a'oi?, /cal Mavnveia 4 TrapecrrparoTreBevae, Kal 6'Xw? di'w /cal Karco Tro/oeuu? diroTpvaa^ TOU? direXnrev avrwv SerjOevrcov TOU? TroXXou? ev TOU? 8e jJiicrOofyopovs e^cov at»ro? eVl e^wpei. Ka\ /caQ' 68ov ol? eTTLcrreve TT/JO? avrbv e%eiv dve/coivouro KOL Trpor/ei (j-^eB^v, ct>? Trepl TO BeiTrvov overt, rot? ecfropois eViTrecroi. VIII. Tcvo/jievof Be TT}? TroXeco? eyyvs, Rvpv- K\eiSav /J,ev et? TO rcov e^opwv trvaaLnov djre- aTei\ev co? riva Trap' avrou \6jov diro arpanct? KO/j.i£ovTa, ®r)pv/CLQ)v Be /cal ^oi/^i? /cal Buo TWV (rvvrpofywv rov K.\eo/jL€vovs, 01)9 {jboOatcas /caXov- criv, 64 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, vn. 2-vin. i Now, it came to pass about that time that one of the ephors, who was sleeping in the precinct of Pasiphae, had an astonishing dream. He dreamed that in the place where the ephors were wont to sit for the prosecution of business, one chair only stood, but the other four had been taken away ; and that in his amazement at this a voice came to him from the temple saying that this was better for Sparta. This dream the ephor related to Cleomenes, who at first was much disturbed, and thought that the other had some suspicion of his design and was making trial of him ; but when he was convinced that the relater spoke the truth, his courage revived. So taking all the citizens who, as he suspected, would be most opposed to his designs, he seized Heraea and Alsaea, two cities belonging to the Achaean league, intro- duced supplies of food into Orchomenus, and en- camped by Mantineia, from whence he made long marches up and down the land, and utterly wore out the Lacedaemonians, so that it was at their own request that he left most of them in Arcadia, while with his mercenaries he himself set out for Sparta. On the march he imparted his design to those whom he believed to be most favourably disposed to him, and went forward slowly, that he might fall upon the ephors while they were at supper. VIII. When the city was close at hand, he sent Eurycleidas to the mess-table of the ephors, osten- sibly to carry some message of the king from the army; but Therycion, Phoebis, and two of the Helots, who had been bred up along with Cleomenes l (they call them " mothakes "), followed after with a few 1 Such Helot companions afterwards became freemen, and sometimes even citizens in Sparta. 65 PLUTARCH'S LIVES en Be TOV T&vpVK\6iBa Bia'keyo/jievov rot? e<fiopoi<> emSpafiiovTes ecriracr/mevai^ Tat9 //a^atpat? eTreuov 2 avTovs. 6 fjuev ovv 7r/90)T09 *A.yv\aios, &>? efn-\rjyr)t 7T€O~a)i> Kal TeOvdvat B6£as arpe^a crvvayayajv 7rape\Kwv eavrov etc TOV olKijfjiaros e\aOev ei'? SwjAaTiov elcrepTTvcras /bUKpov, o <p6/3ou fiev iepov, aXXw9 Se K€K\ei(7/jievov aei, Tore e'/e avewyfjievov eTvy^avev. et? TOVTO <jvveicrev€ryKU)V eavrbv a7T6K\€Lcre TO Bvpiov. ol Be Tea-crapes avrjpe0^crai>, KOI T&V eTTijBoriOovvTwv auroi? ov TrXetoi^e? 77 Be/ca. TOU? (y^/3 t]crv")(iav ayovras ovtc eKTeivav, ovBe TOU? aTTto^ra? eV T/}? TroXew? e ecfreicravTo Be Kal TOV 'Ayv\aiov e/c TOV Iepov Trpoe\9ovTOS. JX. "EcrTt Be AaKeBai/AovLois ov (f)6j3ov JJLOVOV, aXXa Kal OavaTOV Kal 7eXa)TO? Kal TOIOVTCOV a\\a)V TraO^fJLCiTwv tepd. TifJiuxri Be TOV 01)9 {3\a/3ep6v, d\\a TYJV TroXiTeiav /zaXicrra avve- 2 'xecrOai fyoftw VOJJLI^OVTGS. Bio Kal TrpoeKrjpvTTov o e<)opOL roi9 Trotrai? et? rrjv upx*l TOV fJLV<JTCLKa Trpoae^eLV rot9 VO^JLOL^, i'va fir) ^aXeTrol &CTIV aurot9* TO TOU fjLvaTaKos, ol/jiai, 07TC09 ATal 7T6/)l TCL [JilKpOTaTa TOl/9 Kal T7]v dvBpeiav Be \JLOI BOKOVCTIV OVK a$o(Biav, aXXa fyojSov -^rojov Kal Beos dBo^ias ol 7i~a\aiol vo/jiL^eiv. ol <yap ^etXoTarot Trpos TOVS v6/j,ov<; 6appa\€<t)TaTOt, irpos TO 1/9 TroXeyutoi'9 eld* 66 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, vm. i-ix. 3 soldiers. These men, while Eurycleidas was still making his report to the ephors, ran in upon them with drawn swords and smote them. The first of them, Agylaeus, on receiving the blow, fell and lay still as though dead ; but afterwards he quietly pulled himself together, dragged himself out of the room, and crept unobserved into a little building which was a temple of Fear. Usually it was closed, but at this time it chanced to be open. Into this build- ino; he betook himself and locked the door. But O the other four were slain, and also about ten of those who came to their aid. For the people who kept quiet were not killed, nor were those who wished to leave the city prevented. And even Agylaeus was spared when he came out of the temple next day. IX. Now, the Lacedaemonians have temples of Death, Laughter, and that sort of thing, as well as of Fear. And they pay honours to Fear, not as they do to the powers which they try to avert because they think them baleful, but because they believe that fear is the chief support of their civil polity. For this reason, too, when the ephors enter upon their office, as Aristotle says, they issue a proclamation command- ing all men to shave their moustaches, and to obey the laws, that these may not be severe upon them. They insist upon the shaving of the moustache, I think, in order that they may accustom the young men to obedience in the most trifling matters. And the men of old, in my opinion, did not regard bravery as a lack of fear, but as fear of reproach and dread of disgrace. For the men who feel most dread of the laws have most courage in PLUTARCH'S LIVES Kal TO Tradelv V\KIGTCL Seoiacnv ol pokier TO- <f>o/3ov 4 pevoi TO KCIKWS oKovaai. Sib /cal /ca\a)<$ o elircov v \ ^ / "/i \ '^' . . . iva yap 6eo9, ei^c/a /tat atooo?. ? T€ /^ot eaai, <f>i\e etcvpe, Set^o? re TO <yap ala")(yvea9ai //.aXicrra avfjiftaivei irpo^ of;? t TO SeSoitcevai Tot9 TroXXot?. 3to /cat ?ra/?a TO €<p6pa>v crvaffiTLOv TOV fyojBov iSpuvTai Aaxe- iJ,ovap%ia<$ eyyuTciTco TO X. 'O S* ovv K.\eo/jL€vr)s T^yue oy^o^Kovra TWV 7ro\t,TO)v 01)9 e i, /cal TOU? &L(j)povs avel\e TMV efiopwv evos, ev c5 KadtjfAevos e/jL€\\€V CLVTOS xpij- iv. €KK\rja-iav Se 7rot>;Va? direXoyeiTo irepl TreTrpay/jievwv. ex/»; yap VTTO TOV Av/covpyou Tot? /3acn\€V(TL (rv^/jLix&ijvai TOI)? yepovTas, Kal TTO\VV %pOVOV OVTO) ^LOLKeldOai Tj)l> TTO\iV OV&CV 2 eTe/ja? aycr^r}? $eo[i€vr)v, vaTepov ^e ToO TT/JO? TTO\€/JLOV fjiaicpov yevo/Aevov TOV<$ fia- 7T/J09 TO KpiveiVy aipetadai Tivas etc T&V <f)i\a)i> KOI a7ro\€L7reiv Tot9 7roXtTat9 ai^^' eauT&v, €(f)6povs 809 Kal &taTe\elv ye Toi/roi/9 TO 68 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, ix. 3-x. 2 facing their enemies; and those shun death least who most fear ill fame. Therefore it has been well said 1 : "... for where dread is, there also is reverence." And Homer says 2 : " Revered art thou by me, dear father-in-law, and dreaded too ; ' and " Without a word, in dread of their leaders.3 " For by the multitude reverence is most apt to be felt towards those whom they also fear. For this reason, too, the Lacedaemonians erected a temple to Fear alongside the mess-hall of the ephors, after they had endowed this magistracy with almost absolute powers. X. And now to resume ; Cleomenes, when day came, published a list of eighty citizens who must go into exile, and removed all the ephoral chairs except one; in this he purposed to sit himself for the transaction of public business. Then he called a general assembly and made a defence of his proceedings. He said that Lycurgus had blended the powers of senate and kings, and that for a long time the state was admin- istered in this way and had no need of other officials. But later, when the Messenian war proved to be long, the kings, since their campaigns abroad left them no time to administer justice themselves, chose out some of their friends and left them behind to serve the citizens in their stead. These were called ephors, or guardians, and as a matter of fact they 1 By Stasinua of Cyprus. Of. Plato, Euthyphro, 12 a ; Kinkel, Ep. Graec. Frag. i. p. 30. 2 Iliad, iii. 172, Helen to Priam. 8 Iliad, iv. 431, of the Achaeaus marshalled for battle. 69 PLUTARCH'S LIVES v vTTvjperas TWV /3acri\ea)i> ovras, elra Kara fjbi/cpov fit'? eavrovs TTJV e^ovcriav e7ricrTp€(f)Oi>Ta<; OUTGO? \ci6elv tSiov dp%eiov 3 arj,€Lov £e rovrov TO TOV ftacriXea TWV e<f)opa)v TO irpwrov a /cal TO Bevrepov, TO $e rpiTOV Ka\ovvra)V ava- 777509 avrovs' /cal TOV Trp&TOV T^V ap^rjv KCU avaTeivd^evov vaTepov TroXXa?? €(f)0pov fi67 •pia'Cpvi as p-tv ovv CLVTOVS, 6<j)ij, KaTa\vovTa<$ ap")(rjv, wcrTe T&V /BacriXetov TOU? fikv e%€\avveiv, TOVS $e aTTOKTivvveiv dtcp[- aTceL\elv ^e TO?? TroOovcriv CLV&IS ejriSelv al 0eiOTa.Trjv ev ^TrdpTr 4 OVK aveterov. el [JLZV ovv SWCLTOV r)V avev Ta? eireiad/eTovs s KOA, TroXuTeXeta? KOI %/oea Kal /cal TO, Trpeaftinepa TOVTCOV /ca/cd, Tcevlav Kal TT\OVTOV, evTv^eaTaTov av aikewv eavTov wairep laTpov TTJV iraTpuBa' vvv Be TT}? dvdy/cqs eyje.iv TOV Av/covpyov, o? OUT6 /3acri\.ev<> a)v t'cUooTr;? 8e ^aan\evei.v eiri^etp&v ev Tot? OTrXot? rrporfkOev et? dyopdv, axTTe TOV /SaatXea \dpi\\ov eirl ficouov 5 aXX' e/celvov fxev ovTa %pi]<TTov Kal (j)i\o7raTpti' Ta^v TO) Av/covpyw T&V irpaTToaevcov 70 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, x. 2-5 continued at first to be assistants of the kings, but then gradually diverted the power into their own hands, and so, ere men were aware, established a magistracy of their own. As proof of this, Cleomenes cited the fact that down to that day, when the ephors summoned a king to appear before them, he refused to go at the first summons, and at the second, but at the third rose up and went to them ; and he said that the one who first added weight to the office, and extended its powers, Asteropus, was ephor many generations later. As long, then, he said, as the ephors kept within bounds, it had been better to bear with them ; but when with their assumed power they subverted the ancient form of government to such an extent as to drive away some kings, put others to death without trial, and threaten such as desired to behold again in Sparta her fairest and most divinely appointed constitution, it was not to be endured. If, then, it had been possible without bloodshed to rid Sparta of her imported curses, namely luxury and extravagance, and debts and usury, and those elder evils than these, namely, poverty and wealth, he would have thought himself the most fortunate king in the world to have cured the disease of his country like a wise physician, without pain ; but as it was, he said, in support of the necessity that had been laid upon him, he could cite Lycurgus, who, though he was neither king nor magistrate, but a private person attempting to act as king, proceeded with an armed retinue into the market-place, so that Charillus the king took fright and fled for refuge to an altar. That king, however, Cleomenes said, since he was an excellent man and a lover of his country, speedily concurred in the measures of Lycurgus and accepted PLUTARCH'S LIVES tca\ TTJV fJLGTa^oX^v Se^acrOaL T/}? TroXtreia?, epyw Be fiapTvprjcrai TOV AvKovpyov ori Tro\neiav /uera- (BaXelv avev /3ia9 fcal (£o/3ou ^aXerrov GGTIV, ol? avrov e'(£?7 /jLerpLcorara Ke^p^vQai, rou^ eVicrra- fjievovs Tr) crwr^pia ri}^ Aa/ce^at/xoi^o? eK7ro&a)v 6 Troirjcrd/jLevov. TO!? ^6 a\\oi<? €(j)rj TTCLGI TTJV re <yr)v airaaav et? fiecov TiQkvai, KOL %pewv rou? o(f>€L\oi>Ta$ a7ra\\drTeivt KOI rwv %evwv Kpiaiv fcal BoKi/jLaaiav, OTTW? oi fcpaTicrroi, yevo- TrapTidrai crai^aMTt TTJV 7ro\iv Tot? O7rXo£9, Kal 7ravcra)/jL€0a rrjv Aarccovi/crjv AtVwXw^ tca\ \eiav ovaav e XI. 'E«r TOI^TOU Trp&Tov fjiev auro? et? ovcriav €0rjK€ KOI MeyicrTOvovs 6 CLVTOV Kal TWV d\\cov fyiXwv e/cacrro?, eVetra Aral Ot \Ol7Tol TToXiTtti TTaf T6?, ?; &6 X(*>P& K\yjpov Se /cat TWI' UTT' avrov yeyovorw direveifJiev efcdaTW, Kal Kard^eiv airavra^ a>yLto- \6yrjcr6 rwv Trpay/jLarcov ev ri<rv% 2 ai'aTT\ripu)aas Se TO TroXtreu/ia rot? TWV TTCplOLKGOV OTrXtTtt? TGTpaKl cr Kal Si&d^as avrovs dvrl &6paTO$ &L d/jL(f)OT€pa)V Kal rrjv acrTrtSa (fropeiv Bi TTopTraKOS, €7rl TTJV Trai&eiav ra)v vewv Kal rrjv \eyo/jL€vr)v dytoytjv, 77? ra TrXeFcrTa o ^^atpo? avTfp avyKadiarrj, Ta%v TOV TrpocnjKovra TWV re yv/^vaaicov Kal TWV (rva- cri>crTeXXo- 72 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, x. 5-xi. 2 the change of constitution ; still, as a matter of fact Lycurgus by his own acts bore witness to the difficulty of changing a constitution without violence and fear. To these, Cleomenes said, he had himself resorted with the greatest moderation, for he had but put out of the way the men who were opposed to the salva- tion of Sparta. For all the rest, he said, the whole land should be common property, debtors should be set free from their debts, and foreigners should be examined and rated, in order that the strongest of them might be made Spartan citizens and help to preserve the state by their arms. e< In this way," he said, " we shall cease to behold Sparta the booty of Aetolians and Illyrians through lack of men to defend her." XI. After this, to begin with, Cleomenes himself placed his property in the common stock, as did Megistonoiis his step-father and every one of his friends besides ; next, all the rest of the citizens did the same, and the land was parcelled out. Cleomenes also assigned a portion of land to each man who had been exiled by him, and promised to bring them all home after matters had become quiet. Then he filled up the body of citizens with the most promising of the free provincials, and thus raised a body of four thousand men-at-arms, whom he taught to use a long pike, held in both hands, instead of a short spear, and to carry their shields by a strap instead of by a fixed handle. Next he devoted himself to the training of the young men and to the " agoge," or ancient discipline, most of the details of which Sphaerus, who was then in Sparta, helped him in arranging. And quickly was the proper system of bodily training and public messes resumed, a few out 73 PLUTARCH'S LIVES ciXiywv pev vrf dvdyKris, eKovalws &e rwv Tr\e'icrra>v et? rrjv evreXfj Kal AaKcoviKrjv eKeivrjV 3 Statrav. o/xw? £e TO rr)<$ /jLovap^ias b'vo/j,a rrapa- fjiv6ovp.€vos aTreBet^e /ueO* eavrov /3acri~\.ea rov d&e\(j)bv RvK'XeiSav. KOI Tore JJLOVOV €K fJLLa^ oi/cfca? crvvefBr) Svo a^elv XII. Alcr06/jLevos Be TOU? \\%aiovs Kal rbv "Aparov, a>? eV/o-^aXw? avrw TWV e^ovTcov bid rbv ve^TepLarfJibv, OVK av olofie nrpoeXOelv e£a) TT}? AaKeSai/jLOvos ov&e d7ro\L7relv /jL6T€C0pOV eV KlVr'jfjiaTl Tr)\lKOVT(p Tf}V TTOX.IV, OVK dyevves ov$e a%pr)(TTov r/jijuaro 2 rov o-rparev/jiaros eirtBel^at roT? ovv et? TTJV ^/Ieya\o7ro\iri/cr)v w^eXetas- re -t'jOpoicre Kal <f)0opdi> TTO\\TJV diret-pyd- craro TT}? %oypas. reXo? Se TOL»? rrepl rbv ktovvcrov 810 Te^tra? ex Mecr<T?;'w;9 SiaTr opevop.evovs \a/3a>v, KOL 7rr)£dfA€vos dearpov ev rfj 7ro\euia, /cal rrpo- 6e\s drrb rerrapaKovra fivcov dywva, fiiav ^fjuepav eOearo KaOrfiuei'os, ov Se6/J.ei>os 6eas, aXV olov €vrpv<f)oov Tot9 TroXe/xtof? Kal rcepiovcriav rivd rov Kparelv TroXu rw Karatypoveiv em&eiKvviJLevos. 3 evrel aXXco? ye rwv eEi\\r)viK(i)v Kal (Bacn\iK&v arparev/jidrcov eKelvo fjibvov ov /JLLJAOVS rrapaKO- \ov6ovvras el^ev, ov 0av/naro7roiovs, OVK o arpiSas, ov -^ra\rpias, aXXa Kal /9ft)/xoXo^/a? Kal rravr^yvpKTfJLOv KaOapbv ijv, rd fj.ev TroXXa fjLe\er(£vrwv rwv vewv Kal TWV TTpecrfivrepcov SiSao-KcvrMv, T«? $e TraiSm?, brrbre a"xo\d£oiev, Tat? (rvvr)9e<TLV 6vrpaire\iais Kal rro \eyeiv rt, %dpiev Kal AaKcoviKov TT^O? a 74 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xi. a-xn. 3 of necessity, but most with a willing spirit, subjecting themselves to the old Spartan regime with all its simplicity. And yet, desiring to give the name of absolute power a less offensive sound, he associated with himself in royal power his brother Eucleidas. And this was the only time when the Spartans had two kings from the same house. XII. Learning that Aratus and the Achaeans believed that this revolution had jeopardized his position, and therefore did not think that he would venture forth outside of Sparta, or leave the city while it was still in the suspense of so great an agitation, he thought it a fine and helpful thing to make a display of the ready zeal of his army to his enemies. Accordingly, he invaded the territory of Megalopolis, collected large booty, and devastated the country far and wide. And finally arresting a company of actors who were passing through the country from Messene, he built a theatre in the enemy's territory, instituted a contest for a prize of forty minae, and sat spectator for a whole day; not that he felt the need of a spectacle, but in exultant mockery, as it were, of his enemies, and to show to the world by his contempt for them that he held com- plete control of affairs, with something, as it were, to spare. For at other times, the Spartan alone of Greek or Macedonian armies had no players in attendance, no jugglers, no dancing-girls, no harpists, but was free from every kind of licence, scurrility, and general festivity ; while for the most part the young men practised themselves and the elder men taught them, and for amusement, when their work was over, they had recourse to their wonted pleasantries and the interchange of Spartan 75 PLUTARCH'S LIVES . i}v Be e^ei TO TOIOVTOV r??? ', ev TW Av/covpyov /3iw yeypaTTTai. XIII. HdvTMV B' ai)ro? eyuyveTO BiBd(TKa\o$, evreXrj Kal d</>eX?} KCU (froprifcov ovBev ovBe vrrep TOU? TToXXou? e~%ovra TOV eavrov (Biov ev j,ecr(a eevo^' o KCU 7T/30? ra? fEX\r;;^/ca? TTpd^ei^ pOTrrjv Tiva Trape- aura), rot? /lev yap aXXot? e o avw-TTOL aa-ievcnv ov ovrco rovs TrXourou? ical ra? TroXureXeta?, co? e386\vr- TOVTO TTJV virepo^rlav avrwv fcal TOV oyxov eVa^;(9a)? KOU T/^a^eco? Trpoo-fapo/jLevw rot? eV- 2 Tvy^dvovcrL' irpos 8e KXeo/^evr] fiaBi^omes, OVTCL re $rj (Sacri\ecL KOI Ka\ou/Aevov, elra o/3w^re? ov 7rop(})vpa<; TLVCLS ov ^XatVa? ire pi avrov ovoe K\L- viBicov fcal (popeLwv KaTaa/cevas, ouS' VTT o%\ov teal tfvpaypwv r) Sia ypa^/jLareicoif £ovra ^aXeTrw? KOL /xoXt?, aXX' O.VTOV ev I TO) TVfcOVTL TTyOO? Ttt? Se£ld)Cr€LS CUTCaVTMVTa KCU ov Kai a")(o\d^ovTa rot? '%pr]£ov(ri,v /col (f)i\avdpos)7rco<>, €KT]\OVVTO Kal /care- yovvTO, Kal [JLOVOV aft 'H.pa/c\eovs eiceivov yeyovevai. 3 Tw^ Be SeiTTvcov avTOV TO /JLCV /caOtj pep LVOV ev TpiK\ivw (i(j)6Bpa avveo~Ta\p,evov Ka VLKOV, el Be 7r/3ecr/3et5 rj %evov$ Se^oiro, Bvo aXXat TrpoaTrapeftdXXovTo K\ivai, JJLLKP& Be fjid\- \ov oi VTrrjpeTai T)]V Tpdrre^av eireXdf^Trpvi'ov, ov ~ vBe Trejiiiacriv, aXX' Tio~v ove Tre/ji/iiacriv, a w<jre elvai ra9 irapaOecreL'S Kal <^L\av9pa)- TTOTepov TOV olvov. Kal yap €7reTtyu?;cre Tiva TMV 76 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xn. 3-xm. 3 witticisms. Of what great advantage this sort of amusement is, I have told in my Life of Lycurgus.1 XIII. In all these matters Cleomenes was himself a teacher. His own manner of life was simple, plain, and no more pretentious than that of the common man, and it was a pattern of self-restraint for all. This gave him a great advantage in his dealings with the other Greeks. For when men had to do with the other kings, they were not so much awed by their wealth and extravagance as they were filled with loathing for their haughtiness and pomp as they gave offensive and harsh answers to their auditors ; but when men came to Cleomenes, who was a real as well as a titled king, and then saw no profusion of purple robes or shawls about him, and no array of couches and litters ; when they saw, too, that he did not make the work of his petitioners grievous and slow by employing a throng of messengers and door-keepers or by requiring written memorials, but came in person, just as he happened to be dressed, to answer the salutations of his visitors, conversing at length with those who needed his services and devoting time cheerfully and kindly to them, they were charmed and completely won over, and declared that he alone was a descendant of Heracles. His usual supper was held in a room which had only three couches, and was very circumscribed and Spartan ; but if he was entertaining ambassadors or guest-friends, two more couches would be brought in, and the servants would make the table a trifle more brilliant, not with sauces or sweetmeats, but with more generous dishes and a kindlier wine. And indeed he censured one of his friends, when he heard 1 Chapter xii. 77 PLUTARCH'S LIVES <£>i\(ov aKovGas on £eyoi/9 ecrTiwv ^WJJLOV avTols fjieXava /cal fid^av, wcnrep €$09 TJV ev rot? <£>L$L- rto£9, irapeOrj/cew ov yap e<pij Beiv ev TOVTOLS ovSe 7Ty009 TOU9 £eVOVS \ldV aKpl/3a)S \CLKWV l£,€W* 4 airapOeicrr]^ $e rr}? rpavre^? elcreKO/n-i^eTO Tpijrovs Kparrfpa ^dXKOVv e%G)v oivov /UL€<TTOV KOI (j)id\as dpyvpas $IKOTV\OV<; Svo Kal TTortfpia rwv dpyv- pwv o\ija TravTCLTracriv, e^ wv e-nivev 6 /3ov\6- Koi'Ti &€ ouSet? iroTi^piov 7rpo<je$>epev. Se OVT v]V our' eVe^reiro' €7rai$aya)>yei yap auro? ofjiikia TOV TTOTOV, ra ^lv epwiMV, ia Be ^Lrj'yovp.evo^, ovre Tyv a7rov$r]V drj^rj TWV \6ya>v Tt'iv re TraiSiav eiri^apiv teal dao\otKov 5 e^ovrwv, a? fJitv yap ol \oi7rol TMV /3acri\€(ov eirl TOU? dvOptoTTovs drjpas eirotovvTO, ^p^aai KOI $a> peals ^eXea^o^re? avrovs /cal drexyovs /cal dSlrcovs evofu&v elvat' TO oe o teal \6yrn yjdpiv e^ovTi /cal TTIO-TLV OLKeio real TrpoadyeaPai TOU? evrvy^dvovra^ e<paivero Ka\\i<jTOV avrw /cal fiaaiX-i/cc (f)epovTa JJLKI 6 WTOV r) ro3 TOV l \6yqy, TOV Be VTTO ^prj/jaTwv d\i<TKeadai. XIV. TIptoTOV p,ev ovv oi MavTtvels avTov ydyovTO, /cal vv/CTWp €t9 rrjv 7ro\n> TrapetcrTreGovTi Tr]V (ppovpdv T^V 'A%aiwv avveK(3d\ovTe<; ei>€%ei- picrav auTOvs. 6 oe /cal TOL/9 vo/u.ov$ avTols /cal Tr)v 7ro\LTeiav aTro&ovs avBrj/j,epbv dTcri\Oei> et9 Teyeav. okiyw S' vcrrepov CK7repie\6a)v Bi 'A/9- fcaoias /caTeflaivev eirl ra9 ' 78 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xm. 3-xiv. i that in entertaining guest-friends he had set before them the black soup and barley-bread of the public mess-tables; " for," said he, "in these matters and before foreigners we must not be too strictly Spartan." After the table had been removed, a tripod would be brought in on which were a bronze mixer full of wine, two silver boAvls holding a pint apiece, and drinking cups of silver, few all told, from which he who wished might drink ; but no one had a cup forced upon him. Music there was none, nor was any such addition desired ; for Cleomenes entertained the company hinself by his conversation, now asking questions, now telling stories, and his discourse was not unpleasantly serious, but had a sportiveness that charmed and was free from rudeness. For the hunt which all the other kings made for men, ensnaring them with gifts and bribes and corrupting them, Cleomenes considered unskilful and unjust. In his eyes it was the noblest method, and one most fit for a king, to win over his visitors and attach them to himself by an intercourse and conversation which awakened pleasure and confidence. For he felt that a hireling differed from a friend in nothing except that the one \vas captured by a man's character and conversation, the other by a man's money. XIV. To begin with, then, the Mantineians invited him to help them, and after he had made his way into the city by night, they expelled the Achaean garrison and put themselves in his hands. Cleomenes restored to them their laws and constitution, and on the same day marched away to Tegea. Then, shortly after- wards, he fetched a compass through Arcadia and marched down upon the Achaean city of Pherae. His 79 PLUTARCH'S LIVES /3ov\6fjievos rj f^d^rjv OecrOcn Trpos TOU? ' rf Bia/3d\\eiv rov'" A par ov a>9 djroBiBpda-Kovra KCLI Trpole/jLevov avrw rr/v ^wpav. ecrrpar^yei p,ev yap "TTTepftaras rare, rov Be 'Apdrov TO TTO.V rjv 2 A-/9aro? ev rot? 'A^mot?. e%e\06vT rcot' 'A^atfoi^ Kal <TTpaTOTTeSeva-a/Ji€V(i)v ev vrepl TO 'Ej/caTO/jifiaiov, e7re\0coi> 6 fiev ov /ca\ws eV yttecrw r/}? re , 7TO\e/JLLas ovcrrj^, fcal rov e TrporcaXov- viKi]cra<; Kara Kpdros /cal rpe^dfjievos TTJV <pd- \ajya TTO\\OV$ f^ev ev rfj fJid^rj bie^Qeipev CIVTWV, 7ro\\(ov $e KOL favTcov eKVpLevaev. eire\6(t)v Se Adyycovi Kal TWV ^A^aicov TOU? (ppovpovvTas e'^eXacra? djreScoKev 'HXetoi? rrjv 7ro\tv. XV. OvTCO Be (TVVT€TpifJL^eVOl^ TOt? 'A^GUOt? 6 "Ayoaro?, ela)6a)$ Trap' eviavrov del crrpanj- yev, TreiTraro rrjv dp^rjv Kal Traprjrrjcraro \OVVTWV Kal Beo/jLevcov ov /caXw?, olov ev irpajfjLdTWV fie'i^ovi, fietfels erepriy rov oaica, Kal Trpoe/nevos rrjv e^ovcrLav. 6 Be KXeo/AeV?/1? Trpwrov [lev /jberpia rot? 'A^atoi? eBoxei Trpecrfiecriv eTrtrdrreiv, erepov^ Be TT e [JLTT wv eKekevev avra> TrapaBiBovai TTJV rjyefjLOviav, &>? rd\\a p.rj Bioicro- fjievos 7rpo9 avroi;?, d\\a Kal rovs al^fj,a\a)Tov<? 2 evOvs aTToBcoawv Kal ra ^wpia. /3ov\o^eva}v Be rwv 'A^atwi/ eVl rovroi? Be%€cr0at, ra? BiaXvaeis Kal TOV K.\eo/j,ew)j KaXovvrcov et? Aepvav, OTTOV So AC7IS AND CLEOMENES, xiv. i-xv. 2 desire was either to fight a battle with the Achaeans, or to bring Aratus into disrepute for running away and abandoning the country to him. For although Hyperbatas was general at that time, Aratus had the entire power in the Achaean league. Moreover, after the Achaeans had marched out with all their forces and pitched their camp at Dymae, near the Hecatom- baeum, Cleomenes came up against them. He did not think it well, however, to pitch his own camp between the city of Dyinae, which was hostile, and the army of the Achaeans, and therefore boldly challenged the Achaeans and forced them to engage. He was completely victorious, routed their phalanx, slew many of them in the battle, and took many prisoners also. Then he went up against Langon, drove out the Achaean garrison, and restored the city to the Eleians. XV. The Achaeans having been thus utterly over- whelmed, Aratus, who was wont to be their general every other year, refused the office and declined to listen to their invitations and prayers ; thus unwisely, when the ship of state was in a heavy storm, handing over the helm to another and abandoning the post of authority. Cleomenes, on the other hand, at the first was thought to impose moderate terms upon the Achaean embassy, but afterwards he sent other en- voys and bade them hand over to him the leadership among the Greeks, assuring them that on other points he would not quarrel with them, but would at once restore to them their captives and their strongholds.1 The Achaeans were willing to settle matters on these terms, and invited Cleomenes to come to Lerna, 1 Cf. the Aralus, xxxviii. 5 f. Si PLUTARCH'S LIVES TOP o^evaai'Ta Kal 'xpr/crdftevov rrapa Kaipov iq atyLtaro? ir\ffdo^ aveveyfcelv Kal cficovrjv dTTOKOTrfjvai. Bio TWV fjiev a aTreVe/Li^e rot? 'A^a^oi? TOV<$ eVf<^a TOV Be crv\\oyov vTrepOe/jievos ave^wp^crev XVI. Tovro ^LekvjJH]vaTo ra TrpdyfjLara 'EXXaSo?, ayaco? 76 TTW? e/c TO>Z> irapovruiv ava\a- (Belv CLVTTJV en KOI Siafivyeiv TI~JV Ma/ce&oi'tov vfipiv KOI irXeove^iav &vvap.€V)]s. 6 'yap "Aparos, elre airiaTia Kal (/>o/3ro TOV KXeo/ze^ou?, etre (frQovwv evTv^ovvTL Trap1 eXiriSa Kal vo^i^wv errj Tpia Kal rpiaKovra TTpwrevovTOS avrov Seivov elvai Tj]v &6j;av a/j.a Kal T^V ovvapiv zirifyvvTa 2 veov tiv&pa KaOe\elv, Kal 7rapa\a^elv 7Tparyp,drrwv VTT avrov Kal TOGOVTOV apyi)v, Trpwrov [lev efreipdro rows 'A^afou? Trapaftid^ecrOai Kal SiaKco\v€iv co? ^e ov TTpoael^ov avra) TOV KXeo/^ei'OL'? eKTren^jy- fjievoi TO Opdaos, a\\a Kal Si/eatav enoiovvro Trjv d^icocriv TWV AaKeSaifj-ovicov, et9 TO 3 ayji^a Koarp.oiJVTwv TTJV TLe\07r6vv)iaov, 7T/909 epyov ov$evl fjiev TMV 'EXX^Va)^ aicr\ia7ov 8' eiceLvut Kal TMV 7re7rpay/J.6va)v VTT avrov Kal 7T€7ro\iT€v/ji€V(DV dva^iwrarov, 'Avri- */ovov eVl rrjv 'EXXaSa Ka\eiv Kal MaKeBovwv rrjv IleXoTro^^cro^, ou? auTO? etc cra? TOV ' KKpOKopiv6ov, Kal Traai /lev TO?? /3a- U7TO77T05 Kal Old(f)OpOS 76^0yU6^0?, TOl'TOl't AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xv. 2-xvi. 3 where they were about to hold their assembly. But it fell out that Cleomenes, who had made a strenuous march and then too soon had drunk water, brought up a great quantity of blood and lost his speech. For this reason he sent back to the Achaeans the most prominent men among their captives, but postponed the conference and went back home to Sparta. XVI. This ruined the cause of Greece, at a time when she was still able in some way or other to recover from her grievous plight and escape Macedo- nian greed and insolence. For Aratus (whether it was through distrust and fear of Cleomenes, or because he envied the king his unlocked for success, and thought it a terrible thing after three and thirty years of leadership to have his own fame and power stripped from him by an upstart of a young man, and the authority taken over in a cause which he himself had built up and controlled for so long a time),, in the first place tried to force the Achaeans aside and hinder their purpose ; but when they paid no heed to him in their consternation at the daring spirit of Cleomenes, but actually saw justice in the demands of the Lacedaemonians, who were seeking to restore the Peloponnesus to its ancient status, Aratus took a step which would have been unmeet for any Greek to take, but was most shameful for him and most unworthy of his career as soldier and statesman. For he invited Antigonus into Greece and filled the Peloponnesus with Macedonians, whom he himself had driven out of Peloponnesus when, as a young man, he delivered Acrocorinthus from their power 1 • — he who had incurred the suspicion and hostility of all the reigning kings, and of this very Antigonus had 1 See the Aratus, xvi. ff. 0 PLUTARCH'S LIVES Se avTov ' AvTiyovov elprjKax; Ka/ca yuvpia 6t' wv 4 d7ro\e\.oi7r€v vTro/jLvn/uLaTdyv. KCLITOL vroXXa Kal 7rapa/3a\eo-0ai (j)^crlv auro? virep OTTO)? /; vroXi? aTraXXayeir) (bpovpas KalM.aKeB6vcov eLTa TOVTOUS eVl T/)r^ irarpiSa KCU rrjv kaTiav TTJV eavrov yue^' 07T\wv elcnjyayev a^pi r?}? ^vvaiKwvl- TiSo?* TOZ^ 5e a<£' 'H/oa/tXeou? yeyovora KOL /3aai- 812 \evovra ^irapriarwv, KOI rrjv Trdrpiov TroXireiav, wGTrep dp/jLOviav drcXeXvfjLevrjv, dvatcpovoiJLevovavOis eVl TOV crotxfrpova teal Acopiov erceivov rov Av/covp- yov vo/Jiov teal ftiov, OVK rjtfiov ^IKVWVIWV r)y€/ji6va 5 KOL Tpiratewv ypd(j)€cr6ai, <^ev<ywv Se Tr]v yu,a£ay /cal TOV Tplftwva, /cal TO Seivorarov wv Kcnrjyopei KXeoyuei^ou?, dvaip€0ii' TT\OVTOV KCU Tfevias €7rav- 6p0(i)<riv, SiaSrfpari real iropfyvpa, /cal Ma/ee- SoviKOi? Kal (TarpaTUKols TT poa"r dy fjiaa iv v /jLerd TT}? 'A^am? aurov, i'va /j,rj K\€O/y,€vei, &OKTJ TO Trpoararro/jLevov, 'Avriyoveia 6vwv ei<? VTTO 'AXXa Tavra /nev OVK 'ApaTOU /3ov\6/jievoi, riyyopeiv <ypd(^OfjL€v (ev TroXXot? yap 6 dvrjp eEi\Xr]viKo$ yeyove Kal yiieya?), oiKTelpovres &e T/}? dv6pwirivr)<$ ^wo-eco? rrjv dadeveiav, el /jirjBe ev ijOeaiv OI/TW? d£io\6yoi$ Kal Sia<popois TT/JO? dperr/v eK^epeiv Bvvarat, TO Ka\ov dve/jLecrijTov. XVII. 'Ei\06vT(i)v Be 'A%aia)v et? "Apyos av6i<; eirl TOV crv\\oyov Kal TOV KXeo/^ei'oi;? eic Teyeas KaTafteftrjKOTOS e'X7rt9 r)v TroXX?; TWV dvdpWTrwv eaeaQai TTJV 8td\variv. 6 Be "ApaTO?, 778?; BIW/JLO- \oyijfjLeva)V avTa> Trpo? TOJ^ 'AvTiyovov TCOV /te- 84 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xvi. 3-xvn. i said countless evil things in the commentaries which he left behind him. Arid still, though he had incurred many hardships and dangers in behalf of Athens, as he says himself, in order that the city might be set free from its garrison of Macedonians, he afterwards brought these Macedonians, under arms, into his own country and into his own home ; aye, even into the apartments of his women;1 but he would not consent that the man who was a descen- dant of Heracles and king of Sparta, and was seeking to bring its ancient polity., now like a decadent melody, back again to that restrained and Dorian law and life O which Lycurgus had instituted, should be entitled leader of Sicyon and Tritaea. Instead of this, to avoid the Spartan barley-bread and short-cloak, and the most dreadful of the evils for which he denounced Cleomenes, namely, abolition of wealth and restora- tion of poverty, he cast himself and all Achaea down before a diadem, a purple robe, Macedonians, and oriental behests. And that he might not be thought to obey Cleomenes, he offered sacrifices to Antigonus and sang paeans himself, with a garland on his head, in praise of a man who was far gone with consumption. 1 write this, however, not with any desire to denounce Aratus, for in many ways he was a true Greek and a great one, but out of pity for the weak- ness of human nature, which, even in characters so notably disposed towards excellence, cannot produce a nobility that is free from blame. XVII. When the Achaeans came to Argos again for the conference, and Cleomenes had come down from Tegea, everyone had a strong hope that they would come to an agreement. But Aratus, since the most important questions between him and Antigonus 1 See the Aratus, xlix. 1. VOL. X. 85 PLUTARCH'S LIVES TOP eojLevr j,r irdvra Ka@ojj,i\rjcra<; rb 77X77^09 T) \aftovra Tpiarcocriovs ojjiij fjibvov elcnevai rrpos avrovs, rj Kara e^codev TO Kv\\apd(3iov rrpoa-e\96i'ra //.era 2 Swd/nect)? Sia\eyea0ai. raDr' aKovcras 6 KXeo- aSirca Trda")(€iv €(f>acrfC6' Beiv yap ev0v<? Tore Trpoenrelv, ov vvv, ij/covTOs eVt ra? 0vpas ra? eiceivwv, dirtarelv Kol drr€\avveiv. Be rrepl rovrwv €7rtaro\r)V TT/OO? TOU? u?, 775 fjv rb 7r\elcrTOV 'Apdrov /earrjyopia, a Be Kal rov 'Apdrov ^oiSop/icravTos avrbv 7T/30? TO 7r\rj6ost ave%€V%€ Bia Ta^ewv KOL tcijpv/ca Trpoepovvra roi? 'A^atot? eire^-^rev, OVK ALJIOV, W9 O7T&)9 (^9 day T7]V TrapacrKevrjv avrv. 3 'Eijeyovei Be Kivrjfia rwv ' A^aiwv, teal irpbs aTrocrracriv w^aav al 7ToXet9, TO)V Be rrpoLtrwv TroXXa^oO fBapwo/Jievtov rbv "Apa- TOV, eviwv Be Kal St' 0^77)9 e^ovTwv a>9 eirdyovTd Trj TLe\oTTovvtj(T(i) Ma/ceSo^a9. Bib TOVTOIS errap- 6 el<$ 6 KXeo/ Trpwrov pev el\e Kal TOL/? <£>poupo fjterd Be ravra Qevebv Trpocnjydyero real Tievre- 4 \eiov. eVet Be (poftrjOevres ol *A%aiol TTpoBoviav TLVCL TrpaTTO/Jiei'rjv ev Kopivdw Kal ^IKVWVI, rou9 1 TU>V >Axa'<^J/ with 131 ass : /xera TOJV 86 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xvn. 1-4 had already been settled, and because he was afraid that Cleomenes would carry all his points by either winning over or constraining the multitude, demanded that Cleomenes, after receiving three hundred hostages, should come into the city alone for his conference with them, or else should come with his army as far as the gymnasium outside the city called Cyllarabium, and treat with them there. When Cleomenes heard this, he declared that he had been wronged ; for he ought to have been told of this when o y o the conference was first proposed, and not be dis- trusted and driven away now, when he had come to their very doors. Then, after writing a letter to the Achaeans on the matter, most of which was denun- ciation of Aratus, and after Aratus on his part had abused him at great length to the multitude, Cleomenes broke camp with all speed and sent a herald to declare war upon the Achaeans, not to Argos, but to Aegium, in order, as Aratus says, that he might anticipate their preparations for defence.1 Now, there had been agitation among the Achaeans, and their cities were eager for revolt, the common people expecting division of land and abolition of debts, and the leading men in many cases being dissatisfied with Aratus, and some of them also enraged at him for bringing Macedonians into Pelop- onnesus. Therefore Cleomenes, encouraged by these conditions, invaded Achaea. First, he took Pellene by a sudden assault, and drove out the Achaean garrison ; next, he brought over to his cause Pheneus and Penteleium. Presently the Achaeans, who were afraid that some treachery was afoot in Corinth and 1 Cf. the Aratus, xxxix. 87 PLUTARCH'S LIVES irrrrels KCL\ TOVS t;evovs aTrecrreiXav e'£ "Apyov? Trapa(f)V\d£o2'Tas, avrol ce ra Xe'/ie^a Ka~a- es eis "Apyos rjyov, e'XvriVa?, orrep TJV, 6 f???, cr^Xou TravrjyvpiKov Kal Oearwv TTJV VVKTOS 7;ye TT/^O? ra ^€1 TO arp- 5 ~ev/j.a, KCLI rbv Trepi TTJV 'AcrTrt'ca rorrov Ka~a- \a3uv v—'ep TOV Oedrpov %CL\€TTOV OVTOL KCL\ Bvcnrpocrodov ourco? TOL/? di'dpoo—ov? e^eTrXrjPev TpaTrea'Oai TT/JO? d\Ki]v, d\\a /cat lv, KCLI &OVVO.L rwv TTO\ITOJV 6/juypow$ eitcocri, Kal yevevOai crv/jLfjLd^ov<; \a.K6baip.oviwv, XVIII. Ov fJLLKpOV OVV TOVTO Kal 77/30? S6 aura) Kal cvvafj.iv vTrrjO-^ev. ov~e yap oi ird\ai 8acri\€l? \aKecai [JLOTIMV 7ro\\d Trpay/jLa-reua-d- fjievot Trpo&ayayecrQai TO vApyo? f$€/3aia>s ijcvvij- Qrjcrav, o re deivora-os TWV GTpa-rjywv IIvppo? ei>7e\0a)V Kal /SiacrdiJLei'OS ov KaTecr^e TIIV TTO\IV, aXX* drreOave Kai TTO\V crvvtie$6dpri /JLEOOS avrw 2 TT}? tvvdfji€a)S. 66ev edavp.a'Zov TTJV o^vrfjra Kal 813 cidro'ar ~ov KXeo//eVou^' Kal oi Trporepov avrov rbv ^oXwi'a Kal TOV \vKovpyov a7ro/zf;a <^d(TKovT^ tv TT) TWV -)(p€ojv d&e&ei Kai TTJ T KTiffiMTtov etidciJcreL /cara'/eXw^re?, Tore Tra^T €-T€l@OVTO TOVTO a^TLOV je'/OVEVai Tr/S 776/31 TOL/? 3 77aprma? /^era-or,?. OUTV yap errpaTTOV TO Trp v raireiva Kal Sor/Oelv avTol? dcvvdTws el)(ov, OXTT€ Trei'Te pvpiaSas dvcoaTTotwv e/i-SaXoz/Ta? e/5 rrjv \aKwvLK-nv AiVwXot? array ay dv, ore TLva T'JIV rrp€<T/3vTepayv ^. oi iro\€fuoi TTV AaKwviKr/v a 88 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xvn. 4-xvm. 3 Sicyon, sent their horsemen and their mercenaries out of Argos to keep watch over those cities, while they themselves went down to Argos and began celebrating the Nemean games. So Cleomenes, expecting, as was the case, that while the throng was holding festival and the city was full of spectators, his unexpected approach would be more apt to cause confusion, led his army by night up to the walls, occupied the region about the Aspis overlooking the theatre, a region which was rugged and hard to come at, and so terrified the inhabitants that not a man of them thought of defence, but they accepted a garrison and gave twenty citizens as hostages, agreeing to become allies of the Lacedaemonians, and to give Cleomenes the chief command. XVII I. This greatly increased the reputation and power of Cleomenes. For the ancient kings of Sparta, in spite of numerous efforts, were not able to secure the abiding allegiance of Argos ; and the most form- idable of generals, Pyrrhus, although he fought his way into the city, could not hold it, but was slain there, and a great part of his army perished with him.1 Therefore men admired the swiftness and intelligence of Cleomenes ; and those who before this had mocked at him for imitating, as they said, Solon and Lycurgus in the abolition of debts and the equaliza- tion of property, were now altogether convinced that this imitation was the cause of the change in the Spartans. For these were formerly in so low a state and so unable to help themselves, that Aetolians invaded Laconia and took away fifty thousand slaves. It was at this time, we are told, that one of the elder Spartans remarked that the enemy had helped Sparta 1 See the Pyrrhus, xxxii. ff. 89 PLUTARCH'S LIVES 4 (ravres. o\Ljov Be j^povov Bie\@6vTO<$ d TWV TraTpiwv eO&v real KaTao-Tavres 6K€iV7)? T?}? dywyijs, axrTrep irapovTi Kal dvBpeias CTTOIOVVTO Kal ireiQapxias, rt]v rr/s ava\a/jL/3dvovT6s ^e^Lovlav rfj Aa/ce- ifjiovi teal avaKT(i)fjL€voi rrjv He^Trovvrjcrov. XIX. 'EaXco/coTo? Se "Apyovs KOI KaToiriv evOvs v ra> KXeo/ieVet KXew^w^ Kal OXt- , €Tv<y%ave jjuev 6 "A/oaro? eV HLoplv6a> TTOLOV- os TLva TWV Xeyo/jievcov XaKtovi^eiv e^eraaiv Se Trepl TOVTWV TrpocrTrea'ova'rjs t? Kal TTJV TTO\IV aTTOKXivovaav aldOo KXeo/zeVr; Kal rwv ^ Kyaiwv d f3ov\o/ji€vrjv, €Ka\ei fjiev et? TO f3ov\€VTr)piov TOI/? TroXtra?, e\a6e Se &io\L<r@(t)v a^pi T% TruXt;?. €Kel Be TOV LTTTTOV 7T pocra')(6evTOS dvaftas e(f)vy6v 2 ei? ^iKvwva. TWV Be Kopivfliwv d^i\ et? "Apyo? TTyOO? TOV KXeo/^evr] (fcrjcrlv 6 TOU? WTTOVS Trdvras payfjvat, TOV Be /ji€[jL(f)eo~0ai TOJ)? \\opiv0iovs yu-?; avrov, aXX' edcravras biafyvyelv ov ^i]V aXXa /cat TT^O? avTov e\6elv ^leyLaroTovv Trapa TOV KXeoyLterof 9 Beopevov 7rapa\a(Belv TOV 'AKpoKopiv- 6ov (el^e yap (ppovpav 'A^afco^) /cat TroXXa, %/o?7- BiBovTO?" diroKplvaaOaL Be avTov &>? ou/c aura? e^erai* Taura /xei^ o "Aparos ye 3 'O Se KXeoxe^?? eV Tov^Aovs €7re\@(i)V Kal r/Kev ei? Ko/ofz^^o^' «:at T?)Z> /xe^ aKpav rrepie^apuKcocre, ra)v %aia)v ov 90 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xvin. 4 xix. 3 by lightening her burden. But now only a little time had elapsed, and they had as yet barely resumed their native customs and re-entered the track of their famous discipline, when, as if before the very eyes of Lycurgus and with his co-operation, they gave abun- dant proof of valour and obedience to authority, by recovering the leadership of Hellas for Sparta and making all Peloponnesus their own again. XIX. Thus Argos was taken by Cleomenes, and immediately afterwards Cleonae and Phlius came over to him. When this happened, Aratus was at Corinth, holding a judicial examination of those who were reputed to favour the Spartan cause. The unexpected tidings threw him into consternation, and perceiving that the city was leaning towards Cleomenes and wished to be rid of the Achaeans, he summoned the citizens into the council-hall, and then slipped away unnoticed to the city gate. There his horse was brought to him, and mounting it he fled to Sicyon. The Corinthians were so eager to get to Cleomenes at Argos that, as Aratus says, all their horses were ruined. Aratus says also that Cleomenes upbraided the Corinthians for not seizing him, but letting him escape ; however, Megistonoiis came to him, he says, bringing from Cleomenes a request for the surrender of Acrocorinthus (which was held by an Achaean garrison) and an offer of a large sum of money for it ; to which he replied that he did not control affairs, but rather affairs controlled him. This is what Aratus writes. But Cleomenes, marching up from Argos and taking over Troezen, Epidaurus, and Hermione, came to Corinth. Its citadel he blockaded, since the Achaeans would not abandon it, and after summon- 91 PLUTARCH'S LIVES €K\i7T6iv, rov Be 'Apdrov TOVS <£tXou9 /cat TOV? eTTiTpoiTovs fjL6Ta7r€/jL~^fdfjL€vo^ e'/eeXeucre TIJV oltclav Kal TO, %pi]{jiaTa \a(36vTas (f)V\aTT6iv KOI Siouceiv. 4 rFpiTVfMO\\ov Se iraKiv TOV Mecrcn;i>£oz> aTreVreiXe 7T/50? aVTOV, d^iWV V7TO TWV ' A%aLWV KOL TO)V AaKe8ai[jLOVLc0i> O/JLOV (^vKdrrecrOai TOV 'AtcpoKO- piv9ov, ISia Se TO) 'Aparw Bt,7T\rjv eTTayyeXkojjievo^ T^V GVVTO%LV ^9 e\dfjil3ave Trapa Tlro\€/J,aiov rov ftacrL\eu)<;. eVel Be 6 "Aparos ov% vTri'-jKovcrev, d\\a TOV re vibv eire/ji^e TT/OO? TOV 'Avrtyovov a TWV a\\a)v ojmrfpwv KOL 'fyrifyivaaQai TOU? ou? €TT€i(7€V 'AvTiyovq) irapaBtSovat, TOV 'AKpOKOpl,V00V, OVTO)? 0 K\€O/jL6VV)S TIjV T€ ^IKU- coviav €fifta\G)v €7r6p0^o~6, Kal ra ^ptj/iiaTa TOV 'Apd-Tov, Swpeav e XX. To£) ^e 'AvTiyovov /jieTa 7roXX7}9 T?]V Yepdveiav vTrep(3d\\oi'Tos OVK a»ero Seiv rbv ']o-6/ji6v, d\\a TCL "Oveia $>v\dTT€iv, Kal TOTTo^a^MV diroTpifiecrOat Ka TOVTOLS xpo/jbevos rot? Xoyjcr- 2 /Ltot? et? uTTOpuav KadiaTTj TOV 'AvTiyovov. OVTG yap alrov ei%ev €K Tra/oacr/ceu/}? iKavov, OUTC ftidcraaOai Ttjv TrdpoSov, Ka8>]/-Levov TOV aevovs, rjv pao'iov eTTi^eipija-a^ Se Tr Sid TOV Ae%aiovvvKTbs e^eireo-e Kai Tivas TWV o-TpaTicdTcov, wcrT6 TravTaTraG i Oappijcrat, TOV K\,€Ojjievr) Kal row? Trepl avrbv eTnjpfievov^ TJJ 814 viKy TparreaOaL TT^O? TO belrrvov, dOvfjielv Se TOV 'AvTLyovov elf OVK evTTopovs KaTaK\eio/jievov UTTO 3 T>}9 dvdjKtfi "koyHTfjiovs. e/3ov\€veTo yap eVi 92 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xix. 3-xx. 3 ing the friends and stewards of Aratus, ordered them to take the house and property of Aratus into their charge and management. Then he sent Tritymallus the Messenian once more to Aratus, proposing that Acrocorinthus should be garrisoned by Achaeans and Lacedaemonians together, and promising Aratus personally double the stipend which he was receiving from King Ptolemy.1 Aratus, however, would not listen to the proposition, but sent his son to Anti- gonus along with the other hostages, and persuaded the Achaeans to vote the surrender of Acrocorinthus to Antigonus. Therefore Cleomenes invaded the territory of Sicyon and ravaged it, and accepted the property of Aratus when the Corinthians voted it to him as a gift. XX. When Antigonus with a large force was crossing the mountain-range of Geraneia, Cleomenes thought it more advisable to fortify thoroughly, not the Isthmus, but the Oneian range of hills, and to wear out the Macedonians by a war of posts and positions, rather than to engage in formal battle with their disciplined phalanx. He carried out this plan, and thereby threw Antigonus into straits. For he had not a sufficient store of provisions, and it was no easy matter to force his passage while Cleomenes sat entrenched. Moreover, when he attempted to slip past his enemy in the night by way of Lechaeum, he was driven out and lost some of his soldiers. There- fore Cleomenes was altogether encouraged, and his men, elated by their victory, betook themselves to supper ; but Antigonus was dejected, since he was shut up by necessity to difficult plans. For he was 1 Ptolemy III. , surnamed Euergetes, king of Egypt 247- 222 B.C. See the Aratus, xli. 3. 93 PLUTARCH'S LIVES aKpav dva^evyvvvai TO 'tipalov /cdfceWev TT\OLOI<> TrcpaiwcraL T/;I> &vvauiv o real TToXXoO KOI Trapaa Kevr)<$ rjv ov rfjs TW^OV- 0-779. 77877 Be 7rpo9 ecrrrepav r)/cov e£ "Apyou? Kara OaKaTrav av&pes 'Apdrov <f)i\oi, Ka\ovvT6<; avrov &)? d(£>tcrTa/jL€va)v T&V *Kp<yelwv TOV o 5e TrpaTToov i]V TTJV airocrTacrLV ' /col TO TrX^^o? ov ^aXeTrw? eTceicrev, dyavavTOvv OTI %pea)V dTroKorras OVK e7roir)(T€v aurot? o KXeo- 4 /zeV?79 e\Tri(Ta<jt. Aa/3&V ovv o "Aparo? Trap 'AvTiyovov (TTpaTicoTas ^tXtoi'9 /cal et? ' 'ETTL&av pov . 6 5e ' ov Trepiefjievev, d\\a rou? TroXtra? rrapa- TTO\LV fcal Trapijv avTy Tfyu-o^ez^o? yu-era 'A^afwz^ €K ^iKVWvos fiorjQwv. XXI. TavTa rrepl Sevrepav (f>v\aKi-jv TT)? dfcovaas 6 KXeo/zer77? yuereTreyu-^aTO teal TTyOo? 6py)]v eice\€vaev evOvs etV'Apyo? o yap vTrep TMV 'Apyei&v ad\i(TTa rrpbs avTOv e/ceti'O? rjv, /cal TOU? UTTOTTTOI;?. aTroXi/cra? ovv TOV /JLCTO, Btcr^iXiayv (TTpaTitoT&v at»ro? TW 'AvTiyora), /cal TOL/? rrapeOdppvvev 009 ovoevos fieyd\ov rrepl TO "Apyos, tiXXa Tapa%fjs TWOS air* dvOpooTrwv 6\iycov 2 /ueVr7?. eVet Se o MeytcrToi'ou? re TO ?O? vre7 uaoLte^o? /cat uiois O.VT- ot' typovpol /cal oierreuTrovTO av^vovs TOV KXeo/xej^, <po/3rj6el<? urj TOV "Apyovs ol vroXe- /cpaTijaavTes Kal ra? Trapoo'ovs d7ro/c\€icravT€$ 94 AGLS AND CLEOMENES, xx. 3-xxi. 2 planning to march off to the promontory of the Heraeum, and from there to put his army across to Sicyon in transports — an undertaking requiring much time and extraordinary preparations. But when it was already towards evening, there came to him from Argos by sea some friends of Aratus, who sum- moned him to the city, on the ground that the Argives were ready to revolt from Cleomenes. The author of the revolt was Aristotle ; and the multitude were easy to persuade, being incensed because Cleomenes had not brought about the abolition of debts which they expected. Accordingly, Aratus took fifteen hundred soldiers from Antigonus and sailed to Epidaurus. Aristotle, however, did not await his coming, but at the head of the citizens made an attack upon the garrison of the citadel ; and Timoxenus came to his aid from Sicyon with the Achaean army. XXI. It was about midnight when Cleomenes heard of these things, and summoning Megistonoiis, he angrily ordered him to go at once to Argos with assistance ; for it was Megistonoiis who had given him most assurances of the fidelity of the Argives, and had thereby prevented him from expelling the suspected citizens. After sending off Megistonoiis, then, with two thousand soldiers, he himself kept watch upon Antigonus and tried to encourage the Corinthians, telling them that there was no great trouble at Argos, but only a slight disturbance made by a few men. However, when Megistonoiis, who had made his way into Argos, was slain in battle, and the garrison held out with difficulty and kept sending frequent messengers to Cleomenes, he was afraid that if the enemy made themselves masters of 95 PLUTARCH'S LIVES avTol TTOpOwcrLv aSeco? rrjv AatcwviKrjiJ Kal iro\iop- KO)(Ti TTJV ^Trdpr^v 6p?jfj,ov ovcrav, aTrrjyev €K Koplv- 3 dov rb (rrpdrevfJLa. teal ravT^s fJLev evOv? ea-rep^ro 7roXea>9 €icre\06vTos * AvTiyovov KOI t^povpav Se ra> "Apyei Kara TO KOI VTTO Trjv 'AcrTrtSa T/raXt^a? ave^y teal (rvvefjue ro? ei'SoV €Tl 7T/30? TOV? 'A^aiOU? aVTGXpVffl, Kal T(t)V eVro? eVta fc\i/j,a/ca<; Trpo<j6e\<; /tareXa^e, Aral GTevwTToi><$ eprf/Jbovs rn-o\6/jiLwv eVo^ue, rot? 4 xprfcracrdai Tr^ocrra^a? TOW? Kpryra?. &>? 5e /car- et<5e rov ' AvTiyovov CLTTO TWV atcpcov et? TO T TCL yuera T/)? t^aXayyo?, TOL/? Se /T pvSrjv e\avvovTas els TIJV iro\iv, arre Kal crvvayaytov airavTas irpos aviov KaTejBrj Kal irapa TO ret^o? dTnjXXaT- T€TO, /jLeyL(TTCi)V fjiev ev eXa^tcrTft) %/oo^fo Trpay- /jLaTMv eTTLKpaT^cra^, Kal fiera {iiKpov 6'X?;? o/j,ov TL jjiia jrepioSo) TleXoTrovvtjcrov Kvpios S€ijcras, Tay^v 8' avOis €K7reaa)v airdvrcov. ol yap evOvs uTre^wprja-av avTov TWV aTpaTevo/jie ol ^e oXlyov vGTepov TW ' AvTiyovw ra9 -770X^9 XXII. OVTCO S' auTO) ireTrpa^OTt Kara TTJV arpaTeiav Kal aTrayayoi'Ti, T^V Svvauiv, e&rrepas ij&ij Trepl Teyeav afyiKov-ro Tives GK Aa/<:e8 alcoves OVK eXdiTova 77)9 eV X^pcrl SvaTV%iav dTrayye\- Xoi/re9, -reOvdvai T^V yvvaifca, Si i]V ovBe irvv KaTopov/jievais ercevos evexapTepei a~Tpa- re/at9, aXXa 96 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxi. 2-xxii. i Argos and shut up the passes, they might ravage at will the Laconian territory and lay siege to Sparta, which he had left without defenders. He therefore led his army away from Corinth. This city was at once lost to him, for Antigonus entered it and set a garrison there ; but Cleomenes, on reaching Argos, made an attempt to scale the walls, and with this in view drew his forces together from their march, and cutting his way through the tunnels running under the Aspis, or citadel, he made the ascent and effected a junction with his garrison inside, which was still holding out against the Achaeans. He actually got possession of some portions of the city by using scaling-ladders, and cleared the streets of the enemy by bringing his Cretan archers into action. But when he saw Antigonus with his phalanx descending from the heights into the plain, and his horsemen already streaming into the city, he gave up trying to master it; and gathering all his troops about him he made his way safely down from the citadel and with- drew along past the city wall. He had made the greatest possible conquests in the briefest possible time, and had come within a little of making himself master of all Peloponnesus by a single march through it, but had quickly lost everything again. For some of his allies left him at once, and others after a little while handed their cities over to Antigonus. XXII. Such was the result of his expedition, and he was leading his army home, when, as it was already evening and he was near Tegea, messengers from Sparta came with tidings of a fresh and even greater calamity, the death of his wife. It was because of her that even in his most successful campaigns he could not endure to the end, but would 97 PLUTARCH'S LIVES epayv rfjs 'AyidnSos real Trepl rr\eicrrov TTOIOV- 2 /zei>o9 eKCiwyv. eTrXijyr) fj.ev ovv KOI ijXyrjo-ev, a>9 eiKos TIV veov av&pa Ka\\icrrr)s ical (rcofypove- crrdrrjs d^yprj/jievov yvvaiKo?' ov fj,rjv Karr}o"%vvev ovBe Trpo^Karo ra) Trddei TO (ftpovrj/jia /cat TO rr}? ^v^i}^, d\\a KCU fywv^v teal cr^rj/jia ev (j) Trporepov el^ev rjdei Sia(f)v\dr- rd re TrpocrrdyfjiaTa roi? r)ye/J,6criv e$i8ov Kal 815 TT)? acr^aXeta? TMV Teyearwv efypovri^ev. 3 ajjia Be fjfjbepa icaTefSaivev et? Aa/ceSat/zoz/a, teal yu-era r?}? yu^ryoo? oi/coi Kal TWV TraLScov aTraXyrj- cra? TO 7rev0o$ evOvs rjv ev Tot? Trepl TWV o\wv l Be DToXe/iato? o T>}? hlyvTrrov /3acrtXei'9 €Trayye\\6/j,evo<; avry /SoijOeiav TJ^LOV \a/3eiv ofjirfpa TOU? TratSa? Afal r/)z/ /uujrepa, %povov /nev vvyyov ya^vvero fypdaai rfj ^rjTpi, Kal TroXXa/ft? elcre\6a)v Kal nrpos CLVTW yevoj^Gvos TW \6ya) Kare<Tiu>Trricrevt ware KaKelvrjv vTrovoelv Kal Trapd TWV (f)L\a)v avrov BiaTrvvOdveaOai yit?; n KaroKrei 4 /SofXo/ue^o? evrv^elv ainrj. TeXo? Be rov KXeo- i, "Touro rjv," eltrev, "o \eyeiv aTreSeiX/aora?; ou Oarrov ///tac e e/9 Tr\olov a7rocTTeXet9, OTTOV Trore vofjLi^ei,^ TO (TO)/jLa rovro xprjarijLLcoraTov ecreaOai, TTplv VTTO yi'ipw^ avrov KaO^evov Bia\v0rjvai;" 5 Tldvrwv ovv eroifji^v yevo^evtov a<biKowro €t? Taivapov tre^y Kal rr povrr e /ji^rev r? Bvi' avrovs ev rots o7rXot9' yueXXofcra Se T?}? TI K.parijcriK\eia rov K\eo/nevrj /aovov vewv rov Tloa€ioa)vo$ dmfiyaye, Kal Trepi- 98 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxn. 1-5 continually be coming home to Sparta, out of love for Agiatis and in supreme devotion to her. Of course, then, he was smitten with grief, as was natural for a young man who had lost a most beautiful and most sensible wife, but he did not allow his suffering to shame or betray the loftiness of his thought or the greatness of his spirit. He maintained his usual speech, dress, and bearing, gave the customary orders to his captains, and took thought for the safety of Tegea. Next morning he returned to Sparta, and after duly mourning his loss with his mother and children at home, he at once engaged in the measures which he planned for the public good. Now, Ptolemy the king of Egypt promised him aid and assistance, but demanded his mother and his children as hostages. For a long time, therefore, he was ashamed to tell his mother, and though he often went to her and was at the very point of letting her know, he held his peace, so that she on her part became suspicious and enquired of his friends whether there was not something which he wished to impart to her but hesitated to do so. Finally, when Cleomenes plucked up courage to speak of the matter, his mother burst into a hearty laugh and said : " Was this the thing which thou wast often of a mind to tell me but lost thy courage ? Make haste, put me on board a vessel, and send this frail body wheresoever thou thinkest it will be of most use to Sparta, before old age destroys it sitting idly here." Accordingly, when all things were ready, they came to Taenarus by land, while the army escorted them under arms. And as Cratesicleia was about to embark, she drew Cleomenes aside by himself into the temple of Poseidon, and after embracing and kissing 99 PLUTARCH'S LIVES (3a\ovcra /cal KaTacnraa-fi/uevr) Bia\yovvTa KOI o~vv- 6 TCTapay/jievov, ""A^e," eiTcev, "to j3acn\€v Aa/ce- , OTTO)?, ejrdv €%(0 yevot)jjLe6a, ?;/za? /jujBe avdjfiov TL rfjs TOVTO yap e^>' rjjuv fJLovov at r> / r/ A ' £• / 21 ^ ^ ' " " 5"» oe, OTTO)? av o oaiyuwv oioaj, irapeiai, ravra o eiTTovaa Kal Karacrrtjcraa-a TO TrpoawTrov, eVt vavv e%(*)p€L TO TraiSiov ey^ovcra, KOI Bia 7 €K€\evcrev airalpGW TOV KvftepvrJTrjv. evret Se et? A.iyVJTTOV d(f)LK€TO KOL TOV Ilr O\€ fJLOLOV 67TU06TO \6yov? Trap' 'AvTiyovov real Trpea/Belas Trepl Se TOV KXeo/uez/of? rjicovcrev OTI, TWV ' 7rpoKa\ov^6i'0)v avTov et? BiaXvaeis, 0o/So4ro Si e/ceivrjv avev TlTo\€/^aiov KaraOeadai TOV fjuov, €7recrT€i\€v avTW TO, Trj ^ird /cal crufji<p6povTa TrpaTTeiv KOI /Jt,r) Sia fiiav ypavv /cal TraiBdpiov del $€$tevai TlTO\,€/J,alov. auTrj fjiev ovv Trapd ra9 ru^a? TOiavTrj \eyeTai, yeyevrjcrOai. XXIII. ToO Be 'AvriyovovTeyeav fiev 'Op%o/jievov Be /cal NLavTweiav , ei? avrrjv Trjv Aa/cwvi/CTjv o' 6 K.\eo/jL€vyi<; TWV fiev €t,\cora)v TOU? TrevTe 'ArrtAca? /cara^aXo^ra? e\ev0€pov$ eVotet /cal Ta\avTa TrevTatcocria crvve\ej;€, Stcr^tAtous Be 7rpoo~- /ta^oTrXtcra? Ma/ceBoviKcos avTiTay^a rot? Trap* 'AvTiyovov \6Vfcdcr7rio~iv, epyov tVt vovv /SaXXerat 2 fJLGya teal Trdcriv dTrpoaBoKtjTOV. r) MeyaX^ TroXt? r)v fjiev Tore /cal /ca@* eavTrjv ovBev TI fjieiwv ovBe dcrOevecrTepa T>}? AafceBai/novo^, 6t%e Be TIJV djro T0)v 'A^aiuv /cal TOV 'AvTiyovov ftotjOeiav, ev TT\evpal<$ Kafle^o/jievov /cal BOKOVVTOS VTTO TWV MeyaXo- 100 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxn. 5-xxin. 2 him in his anguish and deep trouble, said : " Come, O king of the Lacedaemonians, when we go forth let no one see us weeping or doing anything unworthy of Sparta. For this lies in our power, and this alone ; but as for the issues of fortune, we shall have what the Deity may grant." After saying this, she composed her countenance and proceeded to the ship with her little grandson, and bade the captain put to sea with all speed. And when she was come to Egypt, and learned that Ptolemy was entertaining embassies and proposals from Antigonus, and heard that although the Achaeans invited Cleomenes to make terms with them, he was afraid on her account to end the war without the consent of Ptolemy, she sent word to him that he must do what was fitting and advantageous for Sparta, and not, because of one old woman and a little boy, be ever in fear of Ptolemy. Such, then, as we are told, was the bearing of Cratesicleia in her misfortunes. XXIII. After Antigonus had taken Tegea by siege, and had surprised Orchomenus and Mantineia> Cleomenes, now reduced to the narrow confines of Laconia, set free those of the Helots who could pay down five Attic minas (thereby raising a sum of five hundred talents), armed two thousand of them in Macedonian fashion as an offset to the White Shields of Antigonus, and planned an undertaking which was great and entirely unexpected. Megalopolis was at that time of itself fully as large and strong as Sparta, and could have assistance from the Achaeans and from Antigonus ; for Antigonus was encamped near by, and it was thought that the Megalopolitans were chiefly responsible for his being called in by the JOT PLUTARCH'S LIVES 3 iroXiTwv (nrovBaadi'Tcov. ravrijv Biaprrdaai Bia- voi]6el<$ 6 KXeoyU,tV?7? (01) yap €O~TLV fp /j,a\,\ov eoifce TO Ta%v real CITT poo-Bo KT^TOV e/ceivrjs 7rpd%C(t)s\ rjfjiepwv TrevT6 crtr/a \aftelv e^ijye TIJV ^vva/juv eVt rrjv ^,e\a<jiav o>? Trj ' Apyo'X.iKrjv KaKOVpyijo-wv eiteWev 67rl rrjv M.eja\o'7TO\i,TLKrji' KCU {levos Trepl TO 'PoLreiov evOvs eiropevero Trjv St' 4 'EJ\IKOVVTOS eirl T)JI> TTO\LV aTrocr^coi' 8' ov 7roXt» Havrea ^kv e^ovra Bvo rdy^ara TWV Aafce&at- iwv a7rea"T€i\€, O TMV TeL^MV € pTj JJLOT aT OV elvCLi TOt? r e to)? €7njKO\.ov0€i. TOV 8e TIavTews ov JJLOVOV CK6LVOV TOV TOTTOV, a\\O, Kdl TToXu ya6yOO? ToO dfyvXcLKTOV CVpOVTOS, Kdi TO, (JL6V KdOai- €V0VS, Ttt Be Stacr/taTTTO^TO?, TWV B€ (frpOV- pwv ol? €verv%€ TrdvTas (nTOKTeivavTOS, etydacre 816 o KXeoyu-e;'?;?, KOI irplv aladeaOai rou9 evSov i]v /uLera T/"/? Bwd/aecos. XXIV. tyavepov B€ /xoXt? TOU KO.KOV yevo/nevov Tot? Kara rrjv TTO\LV, ol /AW ev@us e^eTrnrrov oaa Tvy^dvoi TWV ^p^/jidra)i' \a/A/3dvovTes, ol Be (TVvco'TpecfcovTO j^era TCOV 07r\a)v, KOL Tot? TroXe- /uoi? eviard/bievoi, /cal Trpoo-fidXkovres e/cetz/ou? pev OVK icr^vaav €KKpovo~ai, TO?? Be fyevyovai rcov acr^aXw? aire\6€iv Trapecr^ov, Mare /LtP; TOU? Be aXXou? diravra^ O/JLOV pera TZK.VWV KOI yvvaiKwv (fcOdcrai Siafyvyovras et? e KOL TWV Trpoa-fioritfovvTayv KOI TO Tr\i}0o^' o\iyoi Be TravTaTracnv r/ 2 ecrutOi Be 102 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxm. 3-xxiv. 2 Achaeans. This city Cleomenes planned to snatch away (for nothing else could better describe the speed and unexpectedness of his famous achievement), and ordering his men to take five days' rations, he led them forth to Sellasia, as though he would ravage the territory of Argos. But from there he descended into the territory of Megalopolis, and after giving his men their supper at the Rhoeteium, he marched at once by way of Helicus against the city itself. When he was not far away he dispatched Panteus with two divisions of Lacedaemonians, ordering him to seize a portion of the wall between two towers which he had learned was the most unprotected part of the walls of Megalopolis, while he himself with the rest of his army followed slowly after. Panteus found not only that particular spot, but also a great part of the wall, undefended, and at once tore down some portions of it, undermining others, and slaying all the defenders whom he encountered. Cleomenes promptly joined him, and before the Megalopolitans were aware of it, he was inside the city with his army. XXIV. At last the disaster became clear to the citizens, and some of them at once fled the city, taking with them what property they could lay hands on, while others banded together under arms, resist- ing and assaulting the enemy. These they were not strong enough to eject from the city, but they af- forded a safe escape to the citizens who wished to flee, so that not more than a thousand persons were taken in the place ; all the rest, together with their wives and children, succeeded in escaping to Messene. Moreover, the greater part of those who tried to save the city by fighting got off alive ; but a few of them, PLUTARCH'S LIVES rjv AvcravBpiBas re KCU ®eapiBas, avBpes ev- Bo£oi KOI BvvaTol /uidXicrTa Twv Me7aXo7roX£Tah>. Bio Kal ~ka/36vT€$ avTOV<$ evQvs ol cnpaTiwrai TW KXeoyLteWt Trpoa-^yov. 6 Be AvcravBpiBas a><? elBe TOV KXeoaevi] TroppwOev, av a (3 oi] a as, ""E£- earu GQI vvv" elvrey, "& ftaaikev ^aKe^aL^oviwv, epyov aTroSei^a/jieixo TOV TreTTpay/uevov Kci\\iov 3 Kal /3acri\iK(i)TaTOV evBo^ordrw yevecrdai,." 6 KXeo/zez^?;? Be VTroroTr^aas avrou Trjv evrevfyv, 11 Tt ^e," elTrev, " a> AvaavSpiSa, \eyeis ; ov •yap Bij TTOV u€ Tr)V TToXiv v/jiiv aTToSovvai K€\eveis ; ' Kal 6 AvcravBpiBas, " AVTO jjiev ovv" e<f>r], ' 'Xey&> Kal crvjmftovXeva) /zr; Bia<f)0€ipai iroKiv Trj\iKavTr]v, aXX' e/jurXrjo-ai <f>i\wv Kal TTKTTWV Kal ftefialwv, diro^ovra Me7a- rrjv TrarpiBa Kal (rwrfjpa 8tf/j,ov ro- 4 crovrov iyei'0/jievov" fjuKpov ovv o KXeo/ieV/;? BiacricoTTt'ia-as, " XaXeTro^," etyrj, "TO TTLcrrevcrai ravra, VIKULTW Be TO TT^OO? B6%av del jjia\\ov rj TO 7ra/o' rj/iuv." Kal ravra eliroyv dire- TGI)? avBpas et? M.eaa)jvr]v Kal KijpvKa 1 eavrov, TO?? Me7aXo7roXtTai? aTroStSou? rrjv TTO\LV eVi TO) o-vjLudov<$ elvai Kal )tXou? CLTTO- 5 OvTco Be rov KXeo/ie^of? evyvw/jiova Kal (f)i\dv- Opwjra rrpOTeivavTos OVK eiacre TOI)? Me^aXo- TroXtVa? 6 ^iXoTrot/XT;^ eyKaTaXnreii' TTJV TT/JO? TOI)? 'A^atou? TTicrTiv, aXXa KaT^opwv TOV KXeo/iei^ou? co? ou ^TOUZ^TO? ttTroSoOi'ai T^ TTO- Xw, aXXa TrporrXafteiv TOU? TroXtVa?, e^e/3aXe Pleapioav Kal TOV AvcravopiBav €K T 104 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxiv. 2-5 all told, were captured, among whom were Lysandri- das and Thearidas, men of the greatest reputation and influence in Megalopolis. Therefore the soldiers had no sooner seized them than they brought them to Cleomenes. Then Lvsandridas, when he saw J ' Cleomenes from afar, cried out with a loud voice and said : " It is in thy power now, O king of the Lacedaemonians, to display an action fairer and more worthy of a king than any that has preceded it, and thereby win men's highest esteem." But Cleomenes, conjecturing what the speaker wished, said : " What meanest thou, Lysandridas ? Thou surely canst not bid me give your city back again to you." To which Lysandridas replied : " Indeed, that is just what I mean, and I advise thee in thine own interests not to destroy so great a city, but to fill it with friends and allies who are trusty and true by giving back to the Megalopolitans their native city and becoming the preserver of so large a people." Accordingly, after a short silence, Cleomenes said: "It is difficult to believe that all this will happen, but with us let what makes for good repute always carry the day, rather than what brings gain." And with these words he sent the two men off to Messene attended by a herald from himself, offering to give back their city to the Megalopolitans on condition that they renounce the Achaean cause and be his friends and allies. However, although Cleomenes made this benevo- lent and humane offer, Philopoemen would not allow the Megalopolitans to break their pledges to the Achaeans, but denounced Cleomenes on the ground that he sought, not so much to give their city back to its citizens, as rather to get the citizens with their city1; then he drove Thearidas and Lysandridas out 1 See the Philopoemen, \. PLUTARCH'S LIVES o 7rp(i)T€vaa$ vcrrepov /cr?;cra/x6^o? ev TOt9 r/EX- \rjaL Bo^av, a>? IBia rrepl avrov yeypaiTTat. XXV. TOVTWV Be d7Tayye\devTO)v TO> KAeo- fjievei, TeTrjprjKws rrjv TTO\LV aQiKTOV /cal dfcepaiov, wcrre jir&era \aOelv l d rore TravraTracri rpa^ui'e^ /ca ra fjiev ^p/j/jiara BitjpTracrev, dvSpidvras Be Ka\ ypa(£>d$ aTrecrretXe^ et? ^Trdprrfv, rT;? Be 7roXe&)9 ra 7rXeto"Ta KCU /jieyiffra /^eprj KaTafffcdtyas KOI Bia(j)0eipa<i dve^ev^ev eV OIKOV, (froftov^evos TOP 2 ' Avriyovov fcal TOU? 'A^aiou?. €7rpd%0r) Be ovBev CLTT avrwv. €Tvy)(avov /lev ydp ev Alyicp /3ov~\,r)v ejrel Be "A/oaro? iLvaftas eVl TO ^povov eK\aie T^V jrpo TOV TrpoaciiTTOu, Oavfjua^ovrwv Be teal \eyeiv elirev ort VTTO KaTa7T\ayei>rcoi> rrjv o^i 3 TO jjieyeOos TOV TrdOovs, o Be 'A^ ftorjOeiv, elra BpaBews CIVTM T/}? Bvvd- €K TMV j^ei^a^iwv dvia'TaiJLevr)?, TavTrjv jjiev eKe\ev(Te KCLTO, j^aipav /sevens, at*T09 Be et? oo?, ov Ta? tte eauTov. A/o /cal TO BevTepov ey^eip^/^a TOV Be peTci vroXX?}? Ttpovoias, w? ^to?. 106 4 FloX^to?. 6t8o)? a3 et? Ta AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxiv. 5-xxv. 4 of Messene. This was that Philopoemen who after- wards became the leader of the Achaeans and won the greatest fame among the Greeks, as I have written in his own Life. XXV. When tidings of these things were brought to Cleomenes, although he had taken strict care that the city should be inviolate and unharmed, so that no one took even the least thing without being detected, he was now so incensed and embittered that he plundered it, and sent its statues and pictures off to Sparta ; then, after completely demolishing most and the largest portions of the city, he marched back towards home, being in fear of Antigonus and the Achaeans. But these did nothing. For they were holding a general assembly at Aegium ; and here Aratus, after mounting the bema, wept for a long time, holding his mantle before his face ; and when his audience was amazed and bade him speak, he told them that Megalopolis had been destroyed by Cleomenes. Then the assembly at once broke up, the Achaeans being filled with consternation at the swiftness and magnitude of the calamity. Antigonus at first attempted to give aid, but afterwards, since his forces came up to him but slowly from their winter quarters, he ordered them to remain where they were, while he himself proceeded to Argos, having only a few soldiers with him. And this was the reason why the next attempt of Cleomenes, which was thought to be a deed of extravagant and frantic daring, was really made with great forethought, as Polybius says.1 For Cleomenes 1 "Most people thought this a hazardous and foolhardy step ; but those who were capable of judging regarded the measure as at once safe and prudent" (ii. 6i, I). 107 PLUTARCH'S LIVES Kara TTO\LV^ rovs Ma/ce^ora?, /cal TOP 81' V OV 7TOXXOU9 6%OVra fJLia6o<$)OpOV<S €V Apyei Bia^etfid^ovra fjierd rwv fyiKwv, eve@a\ev et9 TIJV ' Apyetav, \oyt£6/ji€vos r) Si aiayyv^v rov 'Avriyovov Trapo^vvOevros e 'Apyeiovs. o /cal avve^rf. Bia^deipo^evrj^ yap TT}? %(t)pas VTT* avrov KOI Trdvrwv dyofjievwv real 6 (£>€po/ji€va)vt ol fjiev 'Apyeioi Suffavacr^€TovvTe<i cjrl ra? 6vpa<$ cruvea'Tp6(j)ovro rov /3a<7iA,ea)9 KOL /careftowv, fJid^ecrOai /eeXeiWre? r; rot? KpeirroGiv i T?)? rjye/jLOvias' o Se ' Avriyovos, ft)? orrparrjyov e^pova, TO Kii'&vvevcrai irapa- KCLI Trpoecrdai rr)V dcrfyd\€Lai> ala^pov, ov TO KaKW<$ dfcovcrai jrapa TOA? e/CTO? rjyov/jLevos, ov TrporjXOev, dXX? evefJieve TO£? avrov ~\.oyi(7/j,ols. 6 Be KXeo/z.ei'T?? «%/o* T^I^ ret^wv TW arpaTM irpoar- XXVI. 'O?Uy&> 5e vcrrepov avOw, €i? Teyeaz; oufja? Trpoizvai rov Avnyovov ft>? erceWev 6t? r;^ AaKCOVUcqv e^ftaXovvTa, ray^v TOU? crrparict)- Ta9 dva\a/3a)V Kal KaO' erepas 0801)9 7ra/oaXXa£a9 a/A* rjfiepa 7rpo9 T^ TroXet TWI^ ^Apyelwv ave<f)dvr], TTOpOutv TO Treoiov teal rov crlrov ov tceipwv, Mcrjrep ol \oi7Toi, SpeTrdvais /cal /za^at/)at9, aXXa KOTrrcov fj.evoi,$, ct)9 eVi Traioia xpwfievovs ev TM iropeve- (jQai avv /mrjo'evl TTOVM rrdvra crvy/cararpityai ical 2 Bia(p0€ipai rov Kapjrov. ft>9 fjievroi Kara rrjv 1 «ara iro'A.jy Blass and Zicgler, after Schoemanu : TroAfi' ws <j>r)ffi. 108 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxv. 4-xxvi. 2 knew that the Macedonians were dispersed among the cities in their winter quarters, and that Antigonus had only a few mercenaries with him at Argos, where he was spending the winter with his friends. Cleo- menes therefore invaded the territory of Argos, calculating that Antigonus would either be shamed into fighting and would be overpowered, or, in case he did not venture to fight, would incur odium among the Argives. And this was what actually came to pass. For while Cleomenes was wasting the country and robbing it of all that was there, the Argives, in distress, kept thronging the doors of the king and calling upon him with loud voices either to fight or yield the leadership to his betters. But Antigonus, as became a prudent general, considering that disgrace lay in taking unreasonable risks and throwing away his security, rather than in being abused by the outside rabble, would not go forth from the city, but stood by his previous plans. So Cleomenes came up to the very walls of the city with his army, wrought insolent havoc, and then with- drew unmolested. XXVI. A little later, however, hearing that Antigonus had advanced to Tegea with intent to invade Laconia from that city, Cleomenes quickly took his soldiers, marched past the enemy by a different route, and at daybreak appeared suddenly before the city of Argos, ravaging the plain and destroying the grain, not cutting this down, as usual, with sickles and knives, but beating it down with great pieces of wood fashioned like spear-shafts. These his soldiers plied as if in sport, while passing by, and with no effort at all they would crush and ruin all the crop. When, however, they were come to the 109 PLUTARCH'S LIVES }Lv\\dpajBiv yevo/jLeroi TO yvfjuvdaiov e rrpocrtyepeiv rrvp, GKwXv&ev, &>? KOI TWV rrepl \leyd\rjv TTO\LV UTT' opyrjs fidXXov 77 /eaXw? avrw m ^ C* \ ' 4 ' " > ' /I * ' iov oe Ajntyovov Trpcorov fjiev evuvs et? eireiTa ra oprj /cal ra? (f)v\aKals Kara\a/36vTo<;, dfjieXeiv KOI Kara- cfrpoveiv 7rpO(T7roiov/j.€vos evre/Lt-v^e KijpvKas ra? d^i&v TOV 'YLpaiov \a^elv, OTTW? u 3 T^ 9eu> flvaas. OVTW &e irai^a<s KCU Kareipwvev- crdiJievos, KCU Trj dew Ovcras VTTO TOV vewv K€K\eicr- [j.€vov,d7r?]yayev et? <&\iouvTa TOV crTpaTov e/ceWev Be TOV? (frpovpovvras TOV OXiyvprov e^e/ /caTe/5?7 Trapa TOV ^Op^o/j.ev6v, ov /JLOVOV rot? ra/9 typovrj/Mi KOI Odpaos efjLTreTronjKo}^, d\\d TO?? 7ro\e/^toi? avrjp fyyefiovi/ebis BOKMV elvai /cal 4 TT-pay/jiaTcov fieydXtov a^ios. TO yap IK op/jLoo^evov oyuov TTJ XlaKeSovwv drrao-i Kal %opriyia /movov TTJV AaKWViKij}', d\\d /cal %a)pav KaKws TroiovvTa TTJV eKeivwv Kal TroXe^? alpovvTa TTj\iKai>Tas, ov T/7? XXVII. 'AXA,' o TrpwTo? TO. ^prjfiaTa vevpa Trpay/JLO-Tcav Trpocrenrcov e/? TO, TOV 7ro\€fjLOv ^.d\i(JTa /SXe^a? TOUT' elnelv e Ta? T/)/?;pet? /j-€i> Ka6e\Keiv 7TOT6 TO)V ' A.0r)Valo>V K6\€VOVTCt)V, ra 8' OVK e^ovTt&v " TIpoTepov CCTTIV," e<j>r), TO Trpo^evaai TOV (frvpdcrai" l \eyerai Be Kal 1 TO irpooevcrai rov (pvpaaai Bekker and Blass, after I IO AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxvi. 2-xxvii. i Cyllarabis and attempted to set the gymnasium on fire, Cleomenes stopped them, feeling that his work at Megalopolis had been done to satisfy his anger rather than his honour. As for Antigonus, in the first place he went back at once to Argos, and then occupied the hills and all the passes with outposts. But Cleomenes pretended to despise and ignore all this, and sent heralds to the king demanding the keys to the Heraeum, that he might offer sacrifice to the goddess before he went away. Then, after this jest and mockery, and after sacrificing to the goddess under the walls of the temple, which was closed, he led his army off to Phlius. From thence, after expelling the garrison of Oligyrtus, he marched past Orchomenus, not only infusing high spirits and courage into its citizens, but also leading his enemies to think him a man capable of leadership and worthy to wield great power. For he drew his resources from but a single city, and yet waged war against the Macedonian power, all the Peloponnesians, and the treasures of a king together, and not only kept Laconia inviolate, but actually ravaged his enemies' territory and took cities of great size ; and men thought this a proof of no ordinary ability and largeness of purpose. XXVII. But he who first declared that money is the sinews of affairs would seem to have spoken with special reference to the affairs of war. And Demades, when the Athenians once ordered that their triremes should be launched and manned, but had no money, •/ J said : " Dough must be moistened before it is kneaded." It is said also that Archidamus of old, Schoemann : TOV 7rp&>paTeC<rcu TI> (pvpairai (before the lookout- man comes the bread-maker) with the MSS. II I PLUTARCH'S LIVES 6 rra\aio<i vrro rrjv dp^rjv rov IleXo- rwv o~v/jL[id%(i)v avrov, elirelv o>? 6 7roXe//.o? ov 2 rerayf^eva crireirai. KaOdrrep jap ol crecrco/jiaor- dOXrjral T& ^povw Karafiapovcri vrai TOVS evpv&fjiovs Kal 6 'Ai/Tt7O^o? €K TOV K\eofj,evr) j\icr^pa)<f Kal yttoXf? Tropi^ovTa rot? 3 %evoLS fjaaOov Kal rpotyrfv rot? TroXtrai?. eVel raXXa 76 TT/JO? TOV KXeo/^e^ou? o ypovo^ r)v, TWV OLKOL Trpay/ndrwv aviffTOVTcov rov ^Avri^ovov. <yap TrepieKOTrrov aTrovros Kal Kare- Trjv MaKeboviav, Kal Tore &rj TT 0X1/9 avu>6ev 818 /3X?7#;e£ arparo^, v(^ ov TropOov/Jievoi rov ^Avriyovov ol Ma/ceSo^e?. Kal rrap' o\,iyov rrpo TT}? /Lta%^9 crvverv^e ravra ra Ko/j,icr@)jvai TT/JO? avrov wv KO/JLI- ev6v$ av drrrf^Oe fiaKpa %aipeiv aXX' 77 ra /Aeyiara TWV Kpivovcra ry rrapa fJUKpov rv\ri rr]\iKavrr\v drre- porrrjv Kaipov Kal ^vvafjuiv, w<rre, ev SeXacr/a yevouevijs Kal rov XrjKoros rrjv SvvafJLiv Kal rrjv rro\iv, rrapelvai TOU? Ka\ovvras rov 'Avriyovov. b Kal /jLa\.i(7ra rrjv Bvarv^iav rov KXeo/nevovs OiKrpo- repav erroiTja-ev. el yap r^fjiepa^ Bvo povas eVecr^e l rraprjyaye <j)vyo/jia%ct)V, OVK av e&erjaev avrw aXX' e'' ol? TOI)? 'A^aiot/? drre\0ovrwv rwv .aK€va)V vvv oV, wcnrep el'prjrat, Bid ri)V d%prj/j,arLav ev rot? 112 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxvn. 1-5 towards the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, when the allies ordered their contributions for the war to be fixed, said : " War has no fixed rations." 1 And indeed, just as athletes who have taken a full course of training, in time bear down and overpower those who are merely graceful and skilful, so also did Antigonus, who engaged in the war with large resources, wear out and prostrate Cleomenes, who could only meagrely and with difficulty provide pay for his mercenaries and sustenance for his citizen- soldiers. And yet in all other respects, certainly, time was on the side of Cleomenes ; for affairs at home demanded the presence of Antigonus. During his absence Barbarians had been overrunning and devas- tating Macedonia, and at this particular time a large army of Illyrians from the interior had burst in, and in consequence of their ravages the Macedonians summoned Antigonus home. Their letters came within a little of reaching him before the decisive battle. If they had so reached him, he would at once have gone away and left the Achaeans to their own devices. But Fortune, who decides the most impor- tant affairs by a narrow margin, favoured him with so slight a preponderance in the scale of opportunity and power, that no sooner had the battle at Sellasia been fought, where Cleomenes lost his army and his city, than the messengers summoning Antigonus arrived. And this more than anything else made the misfor- tune of Cleomenes to be greatly pitied. For if he could have held out only two days, and continued his defensive tactics, he would not have needed to fight a battle, but the Macedonians would have gone away and he could have made his own terms with the Achaeans. But now, as I said before, his lack of 1 See the Crassus, ii. 7. PLUTARCH'S LIVES TO rrdv OefJiGVO^ rjvayicdcrOr) Sio-fjivpiois, co? dvrnrapard- XXVIII. Kat dav/macrrov fMev ev rw eavrbv crrparijyov, eK9v[JiOi<$ 8 TOi? TroXtrat?, ov P.TIV ovSe T&V ayMvicrafievcov, ru> rpojray r?}? KOI ry fidpei rr}? OTrXintcfy <pd\ajyo<; e ? 5e Kal TTpo&ocriav jevecrOai ^al rrjv TW KXeoytte^et ra irpdy/jiara Siepyacra- 2 fievi-iv. rov yap 'Avriyovov TOU? 'iXXi'piou? teal TOL»? ' 'Axapvdvas €KTT€pie\deiv tcpixpa Kal KvicKuxjaaQai Odrepov /cepa?, e<$> ov i]v Ei)/cXetoa9 o rov KXeoyLteVou? aSeX^o?, elra ry dX\,rjv eVl H>d%r) ^vvafjuv eVrarTOi'TO?, avro CTKOTTTIS Oewpwv o KXeo/^e^T;?, co? ov&a/jiov rd oVXa T<WZ> r) Trpo? ri TOLOVTOV avrois 6 ' ' Kvriyovos K6 3 ^aXecra? 5e Aa/zoreX?; TOI^ eVt rr}? T€Tay/JL€VOl>, Opdv €K6\,€V(T6 KOI £r)T€LV 07TCO? 6 TO, Kara vcorov Kal KVK\W T^? Trapard^ews. rov rrporepov vrr 'Avrtyovov elrrovros a>? KaXco? e^ovrwv, rot? (Tvvrrrova'iv e eaz/ra? rrpocre^eLV Kal rovrovs i, TriGrevaas errl rov ' Avriyovov €%u> 4 «:al TT; p^/tt^ TWZ/ vre/al avrov ^rcapriarwv wcrd- fjievos rrjv <pd\ayya TWV Wa/ce&ovwv evrt rrevre TTOV (TTCLOIOVS VTTO^WpOVVrWV 114 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxvii. S-XXYIII. 4 resources forced him to stake the whole issue on a battle where, as Polybius says,1 he could oppose only twenty thousand men to thirty thousand. XXVIII. He showed himself an admirable general in the hour of peril, his fellow countrymen gave him spirited support, and even his mercenaries fought in a praiseworthy manner, but he was overwhelmed by the superior character of his enemies' armour and the weight of their heavy-armed phalanx. Phylarchus, however, says that there was treachery also, and that this was chiefly what ruined Cleomenes. For Antigo- nus ordered his Illyrians and Acarnanians to go round by a secret way and envelope the other wing, which Eucleidas, the brother of Cleomenes, commanded, and then led out the rest of his forces to battle ; and when Cleomenes, from his post of observation, could nowhere see the arms of the Illyrians and Acarnanians, he was afraid that Antigonus was using them for some such purpose. He therefore called Damoteles, the commander of the secret service contingent,2 and ordered him to observe and find out how matters stood in the rear and on the flanks of his array. But Damoteles (who had previously been bribed, as we are told, by Antigonus) told him to have no concern about flanks and rear, for all was well there, but to give his attention to those who assailed him in front, and repulse them. So Cleomenes, putting faith in what he was told, advanced upon Antigonus, and by the sweeping onset of his Spartans drove back the phalanx of the Macedonians for about five furlongs, 1 Hint. ii. 65. 2 and 7. The battle of Sellasia was fought in June of 221 B.C. 2 A rural police with the special duty of watching the Helots, or slave population. "5 PLUTARCH'S LIVES Kparcov rj/co\ov0r)o-ev. elra ra>v rrepl rov Eu Sav arfo darepov KVK\w9evrwv eVicrra? /cal /cari- &wv rov /CLV&VVOV, errev, oi%rj, yevvao? wv Ka Traw 5 ^Trapriarcov KOI yvvai^lv aotSiyu-o?." OI/TO) Be rwv irepl TOV 1&vK\6iSav avaipeOevrwv, /cal TWV e/ceWev, a)? ercpdrovv, eiri^epo^vwv rapaTTOfievov^ opwv TOU? crr/jaTtcora? KCLL /neveiv ovtceTi roX/uw^Ta?, ecrto^ev eavrov. airoOavelv &e Kal TWV %ivwv TroXXoi"? Xeyoi/crt KOI Aa/ceSat/uoi^toL'? avra^ra? XXIX. 'ETrel Se et? Tr/v TTO\LV a(j)LKero, rot? airavrriaacTi rwv 7ro\iTwv iraprjvei Se^ea-dai rov 'Avriyovov, airro? Se eiTrev el're ^wi^ el're a?ro- tiv, o yueXXot TT; ^rrdpry cruvoiaeiv, rovro opwv Se ra? ^vvaiKa^ Tot? /ACT' avrov Trecfrevyocri rcpocrrpe^ovo-a^ /cal Se^OyueW? ra oVXa 2 /cat TTorbv rrpoa-fyepovuas, avros ela"r)\0€ rrjv oiKiav rrjv eavrov, TT}? Se rraL^icrKT]^, rjv €\ev0€pav ovaav e/c MeyaX?;? TroXeco? az' T?}? ryvvaiKos re\€vrijv, co? eWiaro, /cal 3ov\0jLevrs arco Oeparreveiv, ovre melv e/cSeS^^/^co? V7re/J,eiV€V ovre KaOiaai KCK/JUJKCO^, dXX' waTrep ervy^ave 819 reOwpaKio-fjievo^ r&v KIQVWV nvl rr/v %et/?a rrpoa-- /SaXa>y 7r\ayiav /cal TO rrpoGwrrov eVl ro^ TTTJ^VV 3 67rt#et?, /fal ^povov ov rcoXvv ovrca &iavarrav<jas TO aw/na /cal rfj Stavoia TrepiSpa/jioov arravras TOL»? \oyia /AOVS, wp/Arjae pera rwv <fy'i\.wv et? TO /. KciKeWev €7ri/3dvres eV auTO rovro rrape- • 16 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxvm. 4-xxix. 3 and followed after them victoriously. Then, after Eucleidas with the other wing had been encircled, he came to a stop, and seeing their peril, said ; " I have lost thee, my dearest brother, I have lost thee, thou noble heart, thou great example to Spartan boys, thou theme for a song to Spartan wives ! After Eucleidas and his forces had in this way been cut to pieces, and the enemy, after their victory there, were coming on against the other wing, Cleomenes, seeing that his soldiers were in disorder and no longer had courage to stand their ground, took measures for his own safety. Many of his mercenaries fell, as we are told, and all the Spartans, six thousand in number, except two hundred. XXIX. When Cleomenes came to the city, he advised the citizens who met him to receive Antigo- nus ; as for himself, he said he would do whatever promised to be best for Sparta, whether it called for his life or death. Then, seeing the women running up to those who had escaped with him, relieving them of their arms, and bringing drink to them, he went into his own house. Here his concubine, a free woman of Megalopolis whom he had taken to him- self after the death of his wife, came to him, as was her wont upon his return from the field, and wished to minister to him ; but he would neither drink, though he was faint with thirst, nor sit down, though he was worn out. Instead, all in armour as he was, he put his arm aslant against one of the pillars of the house, dropped his face upon his forearm, and after resting himself in this way for a short time, and running over in his thoughts all possible plans, he set out with his friends for Gythium. There he went on board of vessels provided for this very purpose and put to sea. 117 VOL. X. E PLUTARCH'S LIVES XXX. 'O &e rrjv rro\LV, Kal ^prja-d^evo^ rot? <f>i\av0p(*>rra)s, /cal TO a^LwfjLa rrfs ^Trdprrjs ov Trpomj\aKi(Tas ovB' evvftpiaas, d\\a /cal VOJJLOVS /cal rroXireiav a7ro8ou? /cal rot? Oeols Qvaas, ave- -%d)pr)crev r)^epa rpirr), TrvdofJievos ev MatceSovia ir6\vv Tr6\€/Aov elvai /cal 7rop6el<j6ai rrjv ^copav VTTO TWV ftapfBdpwv. rjSrj &€ /cal TO vocrrffia avrov, 2 Kal /cardppovv GVVTOVOV. ov /JLIJV dTreiirev, TT/QO? TO 19 oxeov<i ycovas ocrov eiri vi/cr) /j.ejLO'T'r} Kal <$>ov(p TrXeivrw rwv ftapftdpwv ev/cXeecrrepov dirodavelv, &>? pev et'/co? eart Kal \eyov(Tii> ol Trepl <&v\ap%ov, avrf) rfj irepl rov /cpawyfj TO aw/Aa TTpoaavappij^as' ev &€ r]V d/cov€iv on (Sowv yu-eTa rrjv ~ VTTO avrfyaye /cal irvpe^as arvvTQVtos ereXevTrjcre. ravra ra Trepl ^AvrL'yovov, XXXI. KXeo^69 Se Tr\iwv CLTTO vr\aov erepav, Alyia\iav, /cai-ea^ev. 60 ev et? v TrepaiovcrOai yueXXoz^T09 avrov, ovo/jia ripvKwv, dvrjp Trpos re Ta9 /ca Tot9 7670^0)9 T/9 ^^77X09 aet #al fjieydXavvos, e J « » J£/ ItT'^ V '-v -\ '» ' avrw /car uoiav, \.ov fjiev Ka\\t,arov, etrrev, " a) /Sa&iXev, 9dvarov rov ev rfj f^d^ Kairoi Trdvres i]Kovaav IJ/AWV \eyovrtov vTr€p/3ij(Terai rov fiaaiXea rwv ^rrapnarwv 'Azm- 701^09 el /A*] veKpov. 6 £e Sevrepos So^y Kal dperfj vvv eri rrdpecrriv r}/j,lv. irol TrXeo/zey u\oyi(rra)<i, 118 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxx. i-xxxi. 2 XXX. Antigonus marched up and took the city without resistance. He treated the Lacedaemonians humanely,, and did not insult or mock the dignity of Sparta, but restored her laws and constitution,1 sacrificed to the gods, and went away on the third day. For he learned that there was a great war in Macedonia and that the Barbarians were ravaging the country. Moreover, his disease was already in full possession of him, having developed into a quick consumption and an acute catarrh. He did not, however, give up, but had strength left for his conflicts at home, so that he won a very great victory, slew a prodigious number of the Barbarians, and died gloriously, having broken a blood-vessel (as it is likely, and as Phylarchus says) by the very shout that he raised on the field of battle. And in the schools of philosophy one used to hear the story that after his victory he shouted for joy, " O happy day I " and then brought up a quantity of blood, fell into a high fever, and so died. So much concerning Antigonus. XXXI. As for Cleomenes, he sailed from Cythera to Aegialia, another island, and put in there. As he was about to cross from thence to Cyrene, one of his friends, Therycion by name, a man who brought a large spirit to the conduct of affairs and was always somewhat lofty in his speech and grandiloquent, came to him privately and said : " The noblest death, O King, a death in battle, we have put away from us ; and yet all men heard us declare that Antigonus should not pass the king of Sparta except over his dead body. But a death that is second in virtue and glory is now still in our power. Whither do we 1 As they were before the reforms of Cleomenes. 119 PLUTARCH'S LIVES eyyvs bv /ca/cov real ^aicpav ; el yap ovrc ala-^pov ean Sov\eveiv rot? <£>i\,L7T7rov KOI ' A\€%dvSpov TGI)? d(j) ' , TT\OVV TTO\VV K€pSai>ov/jLev ' AvTiyovM eauroi;?, w et'/co? eVr^ TTroXe/za/ou 3 6Voz> A.lyv7TTLCi)v MatceSovas. el Se £(£' coj/ K€/cpa- rr)/ji€0a rot? oVXoi? ou/c d%iov/j,ev ap^eaOai, TI rov /jiij veviKrjKora Seo-TTOTtjv TTOIOV/JLCV avrwv, "va avO ez^o? Bveiv Kafciovs (pavco/nev, *Avriyovov t9 ALJVTTTOV r)tcet,v; fca\bv avrfj Qkapa yevoio KOI tyjKwrov eTriSeitcvv- rat? UroXe/jtaiov yvvai^lv al^/jLd\coTov etc Kal (frvydSa TOP vlov. oi>% ew? en rwv dp%Ofi€V Kal TYJV AaKwviicrjv d(j)opa)- evravOa TT}? TU^?;? aTraXXa^az/re? eauroi/? d7ro\oyt](r6/jL€@a rot? ev SeXauta Kei/JLevois virep 27ra/)T7^?, aXX' eV AlyvTrra) K Tiva T/]? TotaOra TOU t&rjpVKiwvos eiTrovros 6 KXeo- yue^9 aTre/cpLvaro, " Twv dvO pwrrivwv TO pacrTOVt a) Trovrjpe, Kal Trdcriv ev erot/zft) &KMK.WV, diro- Oavelv, dv&pelos elvai SOKCIS, fyevywv alayiova 5 (f)vyr)V rfjs Trporepov; TroXe/ucu? p,6v yap eve Kal KpeiTTOves ^fJLwvy rj Tv%fl o^aXe^Te? fj VTTO 7r\ij0ov<;' 6 Be TT/JO? TTOZ^OU? Kal ias r) tyoyovs Kal So^a? dvOpanrcov dira- 120 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxi. 2-5 unreasoningly sail, fleeing an evil that is near and pursuing one that is afar off? For if it is not shame- ful that the descendants of Heracles should be in subjection to the successors of Philip and Alexander, we shall spare ourselves a long voyage by surrender- ing to Antigonus, who is likely to surpass Ptolemy as much as Macedonians surpass Egyptians. But if we cannot consent to be ruled by those who have conquered us in arms, why should we make him our master who has not defeated us, thus showing ourselves inferior to two instead of one by running away from Antigonus and joining the flatterers of Ptolemy ? Or, shall we say that it is on thy mother's account that we come to Egypt ? Surely thou wilt make a noble spectacle for her, and one to awaken envy, when she displays her son to the wives of Ptolemy, a captive instead of a king, and a runaway. Let us rather, while we are still masters of our own swords and can gaze upon the land of Laconia, here rid ourselves of Fortune's yoke, and make our peace with those who at Sellasia died in defence of Sparta, instead of sitting idly down in Egypt and asking every now and then whom Antigonus has left as satrap of Lacedaemon." Such were the words of Therycion, and to them Cleomenes replied : " It is the easiest possible step thou urgest, wretched man, and one that any man may take, this dying ; and dost thou think thyself brave when thou art making a flight more shameful than the one preceding it ? Better men than we have given in to their enemies before this, having been betrayed by Fortune or overwhelmed by numbers. But he who in the face of toils and hardships, or of the censorious judgments of men, gives up the fight, 121 PLUTARCH'S LIVES f)TTaTai TJ}? avrov /taXa/aa9« Bel ydp TOV av6aipeTOV OdvaTOv ov (pvyrjv elvai aXXa rrpd^LV. ala^pov ydp Kal %r)i eavTols Kal drrodvijo-Keiv' e<$> o vvv av rrapaKa- 820 XeZ? f]fJLQ-s, (TTrevBwv drra\\ayrjvaL TWV TrapovTcov, Ka\ov Be ovBev ovBe %p)']crifjLov aXXo BiaTrparTO- 6 /jievos. eya) Be Kal o~e Kal €fjiavTov OLO/JLOL Belv ra? vTrep TT}? Trarpt'So? e'Xvr/^a? an KaTa\iTfelv ll' r it OTTOV B* av 77/109 eKelvai ^araX/Trftxri, pa&Ta (3ov- Xo/tez/ot9 aTToOavelv virdp^ei" 11/309 TavTa @rjpvKLO)v ovBev dvTenrcov, ore 7rpo)TOV eo~%e Kaipov dTro&TrjvaL TOV KXeo/tei^oL'9, eKTpaTrofievos irapd TOV alyia\bv eo~<f)aj;€V eavTov. XXXII. 'O Be KXeo/te^7;9 a?ro TWV dva'xOels Trj Aifivy Trpo cre/SaXe, Kal Bid TWV \IKWV Traparre/JLTTo/jLevos YJKGV el? 'A\e£dvBpeiav. \5.\«TT-\ ' '' V \>/ ?t-9 oe T&) llTOA-euatw, KaT ap^as u.ev eTvy^ave 'nXavOpcoTrov Kal fieTpiov 7T/909 avrov Be yvut/Jir]^ BiBovs rrelpav dvrjp e^aiveTO e/A<f)pwv, Kal T7/9 KaO* i]/j,epav o/ttXta9 avTOV TO AaKwviKov Kal a^>eXe9 TTJV ^dpiv e\ev&epiov el)(€, Kal TIJV evyeveiav ovBa/j.fj KaTaia^vvwv ovBe /ca/tTTTO/tei'09 t'Tro rr)9 Tu^7;9, TWV ?r/)09 rjBovrjv Kal KO\aK€uav Bia\eyo/j,ev(ov jriOavcoTepos e<pai- 2 V6TO, TroXXr; u.ev aiBws Kal /terai'ota TOV fjLdiov el^ev dvBpos a/teX/;cra^ra TOLOVTOV TTpoefjievov TW ' AvTiyovtp, Bo^av a/ta rr)\iKavT^v Kal Bvva/Aiv, dva\au.^dvwv Be Tiyaat9 Kal <f)L\o(})po(Tvvai$ TOV KXeo/JLevrj Tcapeddppvvev a>9 /tera vewv Kal %pr)/jidTCt)v dTrocrT€\wv avTOV et9 rrjv 'EXXa^a Kal KaTaaT^awv 6/9 TTJV fiaai- 1 Kal $riv Blass and Ziegler, after Richards. 122 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxi. 5-xxxn. 2 is vanquished by his own weakness. For a self-inflicted death ought to be, not flight from action, but an action in itself. For it is shameful to die, as well as to live, for one's self alone. And yet it is to this that thou now invitest me in thine eagerness to be rid of present troubles, though beyond that thou wilt effect nothing that is honourable or useful. I, however, think it right that neither thou nor I should abandon our hopes for our country ; when these abandon us, death will be very easy if we wish it." To this Therycion made no reply, but as soon as he got an opportunity to leave Cleomenes, he turned aside along the sea-beach and slew himself. XXXII. But Cleomenes, putting to sea from Aegia- lia, landed in Libya, and travelled through the King's country to Alexandria. After coming into the presence of Ptolemy, at first he met with only ordin- ary and moderate kindness from him ; but when he had given proof of his sentiments and shown himself to be a man of good sense, and when, in his daily intercourse, his Laconian simplicity retained the charm which a free spirit imparts, while he in no wise brought shame upon his noble birth or suffered the blows of Fortune to bow him down, but showed himself more winning than those whose conversation sought only to please and flatter, then Ptolemy was filled with great respect for him, and deeply repented that he had neglected such a man and abandoned him to Antigonus, who had thereby won great glory and power. Ptolemy therefore sought to regain Cleo- menes by honours and kindnesses, and kept encour- aging him with assurances that he would send him back to Greece with ships and treasure and restore 123 PLUTARCH'S LIVES 3 \eiav. eBiSov be Kal crvvTa^iv avTw Tecrcrapa TO\aVTa KdO^ GKCLGTOV CViaVTOV. a<£' 0)V avTov real rou? <f>i\ovs euTeXco? real <ra)- BtOlKWV, TO, 7r\ei(TTa K.aTa,V1]\l(J K€V ($)i\av6 pwrrlas KOL yueraoocre/? rwv OLTTO 80? et? AiyvTTTov GKTreirTWKoTwv. XXXIII. 'O p,ev ovv TT peer ft VT epos jrplv e/CTeXecrai ra> K\eo/j,evei rrjv eKTre^-^nv ere- Xevrrjcre' Ti}? Be /SacriXeia? ev&vs et? 7ro\\r)i> dcreXyeiav KOL irapoiviav real yvvaiKO/cpariav 2 e/jLTreaovcrris ^/zeXetro KOI ra rov KXeo/ie^ou?. 6 fi,€v jap /SacrtXeu1? auro? ovrco SiecfrOapro TTJV VTTO <yvvaiKa)i> real TTOTWV axrre, OTTOTC fJLa\.ia"Ta real (TTrovSaiorarof avrov yevoiro, reXera? re\€lv /cal rv/jLTravov €%(0v ev roi^; ftaai- dyeupeiv, ra &€ /neyiara TT}? apxf)S irpd<y- *A<yadoK\eiav Trjv ep(OfjL€i>rjv TOV teal rrjv raur>;? ^rfTepa fca 3 Qivdv0r)v. oyaco? 8' ovv eBo^e rt? ev dp%fj real TOV s %/oeta yeyovevai,. SeSico? <yap TOV doe\<f)ov IlToXe/u.a4O?, a><? Icr^vovTa Baa ev TO) aTpaTiwTiKw, TOV K.\eo/jievrj irpoa-- €\d/jL/3ave Kal /AeTeSiSov TWV aTroppiJTcov trvve&pifov, /3ov\evo/ji€vos dveXelv TOV dSe\$6v. 6 Be, Ka'urep CLTrdvTWV TOVTO TTpaTTClV K6\6V OVT O)V , /JiOVO^ aTTI}- yopevo'ev, eiTrcov a>? fjiaXXov, el Bvvarov r)v, eBei 4 \eiav Kal Bia/Aovrjv TWV TTpay/^aTcov. Be TOV rrXelcTTOV ev rot? (jbtXoi? Bwa/nevov (f)rjcravTo<; OVK elvai Ta TWV fjLi(rdo<p6pa)V aurot? /9e/3ata TOV o 124 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxn. 3-xxxm. 4 him to his kingdom. He also gave him an annual pension of twenty-four talents. With this money Cleomenes maintained himself and his friends in a simple and modest manner, and spent the greater part in good offices and contributions to the refugees from Greece who were in Egypt. XXXIII. Well, then, the elder Ptolemy1 died before sending Cleomenes off as he had promised ; and since the court at once plunged into excessive wantonness and drunkenness, and women wielded the power, the affairs of Cleomenes were neglected. For the king himself was so corrupted in spirit by wine and women that, in his soberest and most serious moments, he would celebrate religious rites and act the mountebank in his palace , timbrel in hand, while the most important affairs of the government were managed by Agathocleia, the mistress of the king, and Oenanthe her mother, who was a bawd. But in spite of all this, at the outset Cleomenes seemed to be of some use. For Ptolemy was afraid of his brother Magas, believing that Magas had a strong following among the soldiers owing to his mother's influence, and he therefore took Cleomenes into his following and gave him a place in his privy council, all the while plotting to kill his brother. But Cleomenes, although all other counsellors urged the king to take this step, alone advised against it, saying that it were better, were it possible, to get the king more brothers to increase the security and stability of his affairs. And when Sosibius, who had the most influence among the king's ministers, declared that they could not be sure of the mercenaries as long as Magas was alive, Cleomenes bade him have no concern on that 1 Ptolemy III., surnamed Euergetes, died in 220 B.C., and was followed by Ptolemy IV., surnamed Philopator. 125 PLUTARCH'S LIVES eveKa 76 rovrov vrXeiof? jap i] rpi(T^i\iov<; TMV elvai KCLV fJLOVOV VfVCrrj, TTpodvfJLWS JJL6TCL TMV OTT\0)l> irapecrofjievov^- ovros 6 \6yos Tore /Jiev ov fu/cpav KXeo/xeVei KCU TC'KJTLV evvoias teal SOKIJCTIV aeO^Kev, vcrrepov &€, TOV nroXe/^atof acrQei'eias eTTiTeivovcn-jS TI-JV Bet\iav, fcal KaO- eicodev ev rw /jiijSev (ftpovelv, rou Trdvra KOL Tracriv aTTtarrep &OKOVVTOS elrai, (fro/Sepai* evroLei rbv KXeo/Aey?; rot? 6 av\ifcoi<;, a>? laynuovra Trapa rot? ^eVot?' fcal TToXXcoi^ TJV dfcoveiv 'h.eyovTcoi' OTI " OL>TO? 6 \ecov ev rovrois rot? TTpo/SaTOis dvaa'TpeffreTai" TO> yap OVTL TOIOVTOV Sieipaivev r}^o? ev rot? /Bacrt- \iKols, v7ro/3\£Tra)i> drpi/JLa KOI TrapeTTicrKOTrwv ra 821 XXXIV. Nau9 f^ev ovv air&v KOI arpariav direlire' TrvvOavo/JLevos Se reOi'dvai TOV *Avrt- € 7TO\€/LL(i) (TV /J,7T€7r\e%8ai TOL/? ra Be Trpdy/^ara Trodeii' CLVTOV Kal 7rapaKa\eiv,1 ev rapa^fj Kal Bia<T7raa'fjL& T?}? TIe\oTTOvvi]crov yeyevrj/nevrjs, tj^iov fjiev /JLOVOS djro- 2 (TTaXf/vai fierd rwv (friXwv, eireide Be ovBeva, TOV fjiev /SacTiXew? OVK elcraKovovros, aXX' ev yvvaigl Kal Oidarois Kal KW/JLOIS avve^ovro^ eavrov, 6 Be rcov o\a)v TrpoecTTrjKax; Kal 7rpo/3ov\eva)v ^.wcrl- jSios /jievovra p,ev rbv K.\eo/j,evj] irapa jvco^irjv rjjeiro Bva/jLeraxeiptcTTOv elvai Kal (frofiepov, d<f>€- 0ev-ra Be ro\/jLrjp6v, dvBpa Kal /J,eya\o7rpdyfj,ova l TT}? /SacriXeta? vo<rovarijs Oea-r^v yeyevrj^evov. j' Ziegler : Trapa.foXea1 ttcelcre Bekker : f'iv tKflvov (with the MSS.). 126 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxni. 4-xxxiv. 2 point at least ; for more than three thousand of the mercenaries were Peloponnesians and attached to himself, and if he but gave them a nod they would readily come to his side in arms. At the time this speech won for Cleomenes no little faith in his good will and belief in his strength; but afterwards, when Ptolemy's weakness intensified his cowardice, and, as is wont to happen where there is no sound judgment, his best course seemed to him to lie in fearing every- body and distrusting all men, it led the courtiers to be afraid of Cleomenes, on the ground that he had a strong following among the mercenaries ; and many of them were heard to say : " There goes the lion up and down among these sheep." And such, in fact, he clearly was among the courtiers, eyeing with quiet contempt and closely watching what was going on. XXXIV. For ships, therefore, and an army, he gave up asking ; but on learning that Antigonus was dead l and that the Achaeans were involved in a war with the Aetolians, and that affairs yearned and called for him now that Peloponnesus was rent asunder and in confusion, he demanded to be sent away with his friends merely ; but he could persuade no one. The king would not give him a hearing, but was absorbed with women and Dionysiac routs and revels ; and Sosibius, the prime minister and chief counsellor, thought that if Cleomenes remained against his will he might be hard to manage, in- deed, and an object of fear, but that if he were sent away he would make some bold attempt, being a man of large undertakings, and one who had been an eye-witness of the distempers of the realm. 1 Cf. chapter xxx. 2. 127 PLUTARCH'S LIVES 3 ovBe jap at Bwpeal Karerrpdvvov avrov, dXX' OKTTTep rov *ATTIV ev dtyOovoiS Biairai/uevov KOI rpvcj)di' BoKOvvra rov Kara fyvcriv jBiov real KOI cart Bvaavao")£€ra)V rrjv iv rat? SiaTpifttjv, OdKWV, e/celvov wcnrep avOi, fji€V(0v, 7ro0€€O'/c€ S' diJTijv re TrroXe- fjiov re. XXXV. Toiovrcov Se r&v Kar avrov ovrwv 7rpayfj,dra>v dfafcveirai NiKayopas 6 et? 'AXe^dvSpeiav, dvrjp /ULHTWV /j,ev rov frpoairoiov/Jievo^ Be ^>t\09 elvar ywpiov Be Trore ica\ov avrw TreTrpaKoos KOL Bi* acr^oXta^, a>? eo^/ce, Bia TroXeyLtof? OVK a7retX?7<^a>9 TO dpyvpiov. rov- rov ovv eK/Baivovra rore T/}? 6\KaBo<; IBwv o (erv^e yap ev rf] KprjTrlBi rov tea r/9 avrov 2 et<? AiyvTrrov ayot Trpo^aai^ rjpwra. rov Be Ni/cayopov <pi\o(f)p6va)<; avraarfa^o^kvov KOLI <£>ij- aavros ITTTTOU? ciyeiv TOO {3aai\et /caXou? rwv av," e(f)r], " ere yuaXXof "]/ceiv ayovra teal KivatBovs' ravra yap vvv xareTreiyei rov j3acri\€a" ical 6 NiKayopas rore [lev e/jLeiBiacrev ^/nepais Be vcrrepov 6\LyaL$ VTTO- /jLvij&as rov yjapiov rov KXeo/JLevtjv vvv yovv eBeiro rj]V rijArjv aTroKaftelv, &>9 OVK av 128 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxiv. 3-xxxv. 2 For not even gifts would soften him, but just as the sacred bull Apis, though living in plenty and believed to be having a luxurious time, feels a desire for the life that was his by nature, for coursings without restraint, and leaps and bounds, and is manifestly disgusted with his treatment at the hands of the priests, so Cleomenes took no pleasure in his life of ease and luxury, — " but kept pining away in his dear heart," like Achilles,1 " As he lingered there, and kept yearning for war- cry and battle." XXXV. While matters stood thus with him, Nica- goras the Messenian came to Alexandria, a man who hated Cleomenes, but pretended to be a friend. He had at one time sold Cleomenes a fine estate, and owing to the constant demands of war upon the king, as it would seem, had not received the money for it. And so now, when Cleomenes, who chanced to be taking a walk along the quay, saw Nicagoras landing from his vessel, he greeted him heartily and asked what errand brought him to Egypt. Nicagoras re- turned his greeting in a friendly manner, and said that he was bringing horses for the king, some fine ones for use in war. At this, Cleomenes gave a laugh and said : " I could wish that thou hadst rather brought sambuca-girls and catamites ; for these now most interest the king." At the time Nicagoras merely smiled ; but a few days later he reminded Cleomenes of the estate, and asked that now at any rate he might get the money for it, saying that he would not have troubled him about the matter if he had not 1 Iliad, i. 491 f. 129 PLUTARCH'S LIVES el fJirj Trepl T^V TWV (fropricov 3 ety/JiiovTO. TOV 8e KXeo/u.eVou? (f»jcravTos ovbev avTW Trepieivai TWV ceSo/jievcov, \V7rr)0€ls 6 Nt/ta- <y6pa$ €K<fiep€i ra> Zuxri/Biw TO crKWfjifjLa TOV KXeo- 6 5e KOI rovro /j.ev acr/ieVa)? eXa/Sei^, etc vo^ atrta? TOZ^ ySacriXea irapo^vvai ^IJTWI> oy Nitcayopav eTTicrrdXrjv ypdtyavra Kara rov K\eo/ieVou? dTroXnreiv, co? eyvciy/coros, el \u{3oi Tpir)pei<$ /cal crTyoaT^cora? Trap' avTov, Ku- 4 pi'ivijv KCLTaa^elv. o fiev ovv Ni/cayopas Tavra 7pa^a? aTreTrXefo-e* TOU 8e Sft)0"i/Stov //.era recr- cra/oa? ^epa? T?;^ eTTKJToX.^v TT/OO? roy IlToA,e- /JLCIIOV aveveyKOVTos co? dpTicos avTw Se$o/jLevi]v teal TO /ueipdtciov, €&oj;6V e/9 ol/ciav elcrayayeiv TOV KXeo/<ieV>7i>, /cal XXXVI. 'Hi; ^aev ow /cat raOra \VTrrjpd ra? ea^ev etc TOICLVT^ 6 Xpvaep/jiov 0tXo? wz^ TOU TOV %pOVOV €TTLeiKWS Sl€L\€KTO TW KXfO- fj,€vei, Kal avvijOeid Ti? V7rr)p%ev auroi? /cat 7ra/o- 2 pijaia TTyOO? aXXr/Xof?. OUTO? out/ Tore, TOV KXco/aeyou? BeyOevTos e\6elv TT/JO? avTov, fjL€V /cal SLe\e^6r) /jb€Tpia, TO VTTOTTTOV e^aip irepl TOV /SacrtXea)? a7roXo70UyU6z^o?* diTLuiv oe TT(i\iv ex TT}? oliclas, Kal /JLTJ Trpovot'jcras e^o a^pl TWV 0VpO)V €7TaKO\OV00VVTa TOV iriKpct)*; €7T€TLfjL7ja-e rot? (frvXagiv a>9 Oripiov Kal SvcrTrjprjTov a/t6Xa>9 <ftv\aTTovcri Kai 822 1 jnfrplus Bekker and Blasa correct to oi» per plus, after Reiske. 130 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxv. 2-xxxvi. 2 met with a considerable loss in the disposition of his cargo ; and when Cleomenes declared that he had nothing left of the moneys that had been given him, Nicagoras was vexed, and reported to Sosibius the pleasantry of Cleomenes. Sosibius was glad to get even this matter, but he desired to have some larger accusation with which to exasperate the king, and therefore persuaded Nicagoras to write and leave behind him a letter accusing Cleomenes of planning, in case he got triremes and soldiers from Ptolemy, to seize Cyrene. So Nicagoras wrote a letter to this effect and sailed away ; and Sosibius, after four days had passed, brought the letter to Ptolemy, pretend- ing that he had just received it, and so exasperated the young man that it was decided to remove Cleomenes into a large house, and while treating him in other ways just as before, to prevent his egress. XXXVI. Even this usage was grievous to Cleo- menes, but his hopes for the future received a greater shock from the following incident. Ptolemy the son of Chrysermus, a friend of King Ptolemy, had all the while been on friendly terms with Cleomenes, and they were quite intimate and outspoken with one another. This Ptolemy, then, now that Cleomenes begged a visit from him, came and conversed in a reasonable way with him, seeking to remove his suspicions and excusing the conduct of the king ; but when he was leaving the house and did not perceive that Cleomenes was following on behind him as far as the doors, he bitterly reproached the guards for the careless and easy watch they kept upon a great wild beast that was so hard to keep. PLUTARCH'S LIVES 3 pa6v/Jitt>$. TOVTWV 6 KXeOyUez;?;? avrrjKoos yevo- fievos, KOI Trplv alaOeaQat TOV [IroXe/jLaiov ava- vwpricra? e<f>0acre rot? <itXo(?. ev9vs ovv * ' * *\ '£ ' a? Trporepov et%ov eA-TTtoa? e opyfyv 6J3ov\€V<ravTO TOV TlroXe^atou afivvdfjievoi KOI rrjv v/Spiv a^ta)? rr}? airo9avelv, KOA, fjir] Trepifieveiv wcnrep lepela iriav- 4 Oevras KaraKOTTrjvai' Seivov 'yap, el ra? 71720? 'Avrtyovov, avSpa TroXe/j.ta'rrjv KCU Bpacmjpiov, Sia\vcrei<; virepiStoV KXeo/ze^? fcdd^rai, f.i^rpa- ryvprov /SacriXeo)? cr^o\,rjv dva/nevcov, orav irpwrov aTroOrjraL TO TV/jLTravov KCU /caraTravcrrj TOV 6ia- (TOV, aTTOKTGl'OVVTOS avTOV. XXXVII. *E7rel S^ eBo^e TCLVTCL KOI Kara TV^TIV o ITroXe/zaiO? et? JLdva>j3ov •jrpwrov fj,€v SieSaifcav \6yov co? TrapakvoiTO V7TO TOV 3a(7tX6ft)9' 67T6LTa GfC j3acri\iKov rot? fjL6\\ovcriv e^ elpKTrjs OLTTO- \vea0ai BGLTTVOV re ire^Trofjiivov KOI ^eviwv, ol TroXXa roiaura TOU? olo/Jbevovs VTTO TOV fSaGiXews /cat ^a/a e^ue /cat /iereStSou TOVTWV teal eVtT£#et<? GTefydvovs /cal Ka,TaK\i6els p,6Ta Tayv (£>i\(i)v. \eyeTai &e Ta^iov rj TT/SO? Tr/z; irpd^tv op/ji^jcrat,, olfceTrjv eva TWV crvveiBoTcov Trjv Trpd^iv e irapa yvvatKl K€Koi/j,ij/Aevov ^9 yjpa. /cal (j)0/3ti@6i<> jjiijvvcriv, eireiBrj /iiecrov r)/j,epas rjv /cal TOU? (j)v\a- TJcr0€To /caOevo'ovTas VTTO TT}? peOr]?, evSvcrd- TOV ^LTwva /cal TTJV pa(pr)v €/c TOV Segiov 132 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxvi. 3-xxxvn. 2 Cleomenes heard this with his own ears, and without Ptolemy's being aware of his presence went back and told his friends. At once, then, they all aban- doned the hopes they had been cherishing and wrathfully determined to avenge themselves on Ptolemy for his injustice and insolence, and die in a manner worthy of Sparta, instead of waiting like sacrificial victims to be first fattened and then smitten down. For it was an intolerable thing that Cleomenes, after scorning to come to terms with Antigonus, a man who fought well and wrought much, should sit idly down and await the leisure of a begging-priest of a king, who, as soon as he could lay aside his timbrel and stop his dancing, would slay him. XXXVII. Such being their resolve, and Ptolemy, as chance would have it, making a visit to Canopus, in the first place word was sent about that Cleomenes had been set free by the king ; and next, in view of a custom which the king had of sending presents and a banquet to those who were going to be released from imprisonment, the friends of Cleomenes in the city prepared and sent in to him an abundance of such things, thus completely deceiving the guards, who thought the king had sent them. For Cleomenes made a sacrifice and gave the guards a bountiful share of his provisions, and then took his place at table with garlands on his head and feasted with his friends. We are told, too, that he set out upon his enterprise sooner than he had intended, because he learned that a slave who was privy to it had passed the night outside in company with a mistress. So fearing that his plans would be revealed, when noon came and he perceived that his guards were sleeping off their wine, he put on his tunic, opened the seam 133 PLUTARCH'S LIVES 7Tapa\vcrdiuiei>os MJUOV, <yvf^va) TW f;i<f>€t /j-era TWV 3 Tpiwv OVTCOV. 'Iirirlras £e ^wXo? wv TT) eTreaev op/jifj rrpoOvfj-M^, 009 ^€ ewpa Tropevo/nwovs ^t' avior, etce\€Vff€V dve\eiv KOI fjw) Bia<f)0etpGiv r^v irpa^iv, d^prjO'TOV avOpwrrov Trepifjif.vovTas. eru^e Se TWV \\\ej;av- &p€O)i> Tt? ITTTTOV ciywi* nrapa ra? 6vpas' rovrov ii<f)€\6/A€voi, veil TOV 'iTTTrirav avaftahovres, e^)t{- povro S^oyLtw 8m T&V <7T6^ft)7rcor Kol irap€K(i\ouv 4 TOT o^Xoi' eVl T?;^ eXevOepiav. rot? 8e roaovrov, ft)? eoiK€v, a\Kr)S /jLerfjv oaov tTraivelv KCU OavfJ-a- ^eiv TIJV TOV KXeo/ieVoL'9 ToX/jLav, aico\ov6eiv Be KOL jSoiiOelv ovSels eOdppet,. OVV TOV \V(T€J,OV YlTO\€AaLOV €K auXr/9 e%ioi>Ta Tpeis evtfus TrpovTrecrovTes avre- KTeivav CTepov Se llroXe/^atou TOV <$v\dcro-ovTOs TlfV TTO\IV €\CLVVOl>TO<$ ap/JiCLTt, 7T/509 aVTOVS, 6pfJ,?j- cravT€<; eravTioi TOL/? /nev vmypeTas KCL\ Sopvfiopovs SiecrfceSaaav, avTOV Be KaTacnrdcravTes drro TOV 5 apyuaro? air£iCT€ivav, eZra Trpo? TJJV attpav povr, avappfj^at Siai'oov/jLei'oi TO $€o~ja(OTi)pioi' ^pi']a-aa6ai ra> TT\)J^€I TWV 8e$€/j,€vcov. ty 5e <f>pa%d/j,€i>ot /vaXw? oi (f)v\aK€S, wcrre ei'Ta T/}9 TTeipCLS TOV K.\€OfJL€Vrj tcai Tr\araaOai /cara T/;^ 7roXu>, vSevos avTM Trpoo"X(i)povvTo<s, dXXa (frevyovTwv 6 A~at oftovjievwv airavTtoV* 01/10)9 ot'i/ a7rocrTa9 /f ai 7T/3O9 roi>9 </>tXof9 elTrwi', " Qv&ev Tjv dpa BavfJiaffTov apwiv yvvai/cas dvOpayTrwv $>ewyoi>Twv Ti)i> eXevtfepiav," Trape/caXecrt TrdvTas «^ta>9 avrov KOI TtoV TT6Trpay/A€VCi)l> T€\€VTai>. (COL 7T/3a>TO9 /xei' 134 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxvii. 2-6 over his right shoulder, and with drawn sword sprang forth, accompanied by his friends, who were likewise arrayed, thirteen in number. Hippitas, who was lame, joined in making the first onset with all his soul, but when he saw that he was a hindrance to the progress of his companions, he bade them kill him, and not ruin the enterprise by waiting for a useless fellow. As it chanced, however, an Alexan- drian was leading a horse past the doors, so they seized the animal, put Hippitas on its back, and then rushed at full speed through the narrow streets of the city, summoning the throng to win their freedom. These had enough courage, as it would seem, to admire and praise the daring of Cleomenes, but not a man was bold enough to follow and help him. Well, then, as Ptolemy the son of Chrysermus was coming out of the palace, three of them straightway fell upon him and slew him; and as another Ptolemy, who had the city in his charge, was driving towards them in a chariot, they rushed to meet him, scattered his servants and mercenaries, dragged him from his chariot, and slew him. Then they proceeded to the citadel, purposing to break open the prison and avail themselves of the multitude of prisoners. But the guards were too quick for them and barred the way securely, so that Cleomenes, baffled in this attempt also, roamed up and down through the city, not a man joining with him but everybody filled with fear and flying from him. So, then, he de- sisted from his attempt, and saying to his friends, " It is no wonder, after all, that women rule over men who run away from freedom," he called upon them all to die in a manner worthy of their king and their past achievements. So Hippitas first, at 135 PLUTARCH'S LIVES VTTO TO)V V€Ci)T€p(i)V TLVO? €7T\1]yr) TCOV d\\WV €KCL(TTO<S €VKO\W<S KCLl eClVTOV dTTO(7(f)dTT€l, TT\r)V TLaVT€d)<> TOV 7 ^leydXriv TCO\LV KaTakajSovTO^. TOVTOV Be Ka\- \LCTTOV wpa Kai 7T/?O9 T?)V dycoyrjv evcfrvecrTaTov veoov yei>6/J,evov epcofievov ecr^rjKcb^ 6 ftacnXevs >, OTCIV avTov Te KCLI TOU? a\\ovs iBy OVTW Te\evTav. rjBrj Be /cei/Jievcov ^QO eTTiTTopevojbLevos 6 TlavTevs KOI TW eicacnov §ia\av6dvoi %wv. eVet Be KOI TOV <$ Trapd TO crtyvpovei&e avcrTpetyavTa TO Trpocr- WTTOV, 6(pLXrj(T€v avTov, elra TrapeKudiae' KCLI TeXo? e^ovros JjBr) 7repi[3a\(i>v TOV veicpov eavrov €7riKaT€(T(f) a £e. XXXVIII. KXeofievtj^ /j.ev ovv kxKai&eica TT)? ftacriXevcras err) /cat TOIOVTOS dvrjp <ye- OUTCO Ka'nrep ovcra yevvaia yvvr), TrpovScotee TO 7T/90? TO T^? crv/ji<f)opd<; /jieyedos, KOI 2 rd Trauma TOV KX,eo/ie^of9 d)\o<pvpeTO. TWV Se rrai^iwv TO TrpecrftvTepov a7T07r?;8r/cr«^, civ Trpoa^>oKi](TavTo^, dirb TOV Teyovs eirl K eppityev eavTO' KCLI /ca/cw? JJLZV ea^ev, ov fjjrjv avre- ftavev, aXV r)p6i-j (Bowv KOI dyavaKTOvv eirl 'O Be TlroXefjialos, GO? eyvw TavTa, TO /jLcv crw/jia TOV K.\eo/j,ei>ov<; Kpe/JLacrai /Bvpawo-avTas, aTTOKTelvat Be rd TraiBla KOI 3 fjLrjTepa real Ta? Trepl avrr^v yvvai/cas. ev Be 136 Lo AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxvn. 6-xxxvin. 3 his own request, was smitten down by one of the younger men, then each of the others calmly and cheerfully slew himself, except Panteus, the man who led the way in the capture of Megalopolis.1 He had once been the king's favourite, because in his youth he was most fair, and in his young man- hood most amenable to the Spartan discipline ; and now his orders were to wait until the king and the rest of the band were dead, and then to die himself. At last all the rest lay prostrate on the ground, and Panteus, going up to each one in turn and pricking him with his sword, sought to discover whether any spark of life remained. When he pricked Cleomenes in the ankle and saw that his face twitched, he kissed him, and then sat down by his side ; at last the end came, and after embracing the king's dead body, he slew himself upon it. XXXVIII. Such, then, was the end of Cleomenes, who had been for sixteen years king of Sparta, and had shown himself the man whom I have described. The report of his death spread over the entire city, and Cratesicleia, although she was a woman of noble spirit, lost her composure in view of the magnitude of her misfortunes, and throwing her arms about the children of Cleomenes, wailed and lamented. But the elder of the two boys, forestalling all prevention, sprang away and threw himself headlong from the roof; he was badly injured, but did not die, and was taken up crying out resentfully because he Avas not permitted to end his life. But Ptolemy, when he learned of these things, gave orders that the body of Cleomenes should be Hayed and hung up, and that his children, his mother, and the women that were with her, should be killed. 1 See chapter xxiii. 4. J37 PLUTARCH'S LIVES rairrat? TJV Kal TlavTews yvvrj /caXXicrrT/ Kal yev- vaiOTaTr] TO elSo?. e.Ti £e avrois veoyd/j,ois oiai) ev aK/Aals epwTwv al Tv^ai avveftrjcrav. ev6v$ fjiev ovv avveKTrXevaai TW Tlavrel /3ov\o/ji€i"r]V avrrjv OVK eiacrav ol <yoveLs, aXXa /9ta KaraK\€i- 4 cra^re? €(pv\aTTOv oXtyw Se vcnepov ITTTTOV tavry TrapacTKevdaaaa teal ^pvaiBiov ov TTO\V VVKTOS aireBpa, KCU Btay^aaa crui'To^co? eVt Taivapov, eiceWev eTreftr] j/eco? et? AfyvTTTOV TrXeovcrw L(j9r) TT^O? Tov av&pa teal av TOV eirl %evrj<$ ftiov aXuTrw? /cal avrij Tore TIJV KpaTijaiK\€Lav VTTO TWV TWV aojLevv eeiaMei, TOV re v7ro\a/jL/3dvovcra, teal Oappelv \ovaa /jiTj&ev TL /xr;8' avrrjv €K7r67r\7jj/^€V')jv TOV OdvdTov, aXX' ev /.wvov aiTOv/^ev^v, irpo TWV 5 7raL$i(ov airoOavelv. eVel Se rfXOov et? TOV TOTTOV ev co TCLVTCI Spdv elwOeaav ol vTrypeTai, irpwTov /jiev TCL TratSta, TT}? K/?aT?y<Ti/cXeta? opcoffrjs, ecr- (JHITTOV, elra e/ceivrjv, ev TOVTO p,ovov eVt TrjXi- j)0ey^a/ji€V7jv irdBecnv, "^H T6Kva, Trot ; 77^6 TlavTecos yvvij, Trepi^waa/nevrj TO evpaxTTOS ovo-a Kal /neydXr) TWV diro- Oi'Tjcrtcova'wv eKacrTrjv (Ttu>7rf) Kal ^ eOepaTreve Kal TrepieaTeXXev etc TWV e 6 reXo? Be /Ji£Ta Tracra? eavrfyv Kocr/jiijcraaa, KaTayayovaa TI^V 7repi/3o\rfv, Kal uijSeva Trpocr- e\6elv edcraaa /iT/Se ISeiv d\\ov r) TOV eVl TT}? (T<pay)}<; TeTay/nevov, rjpwiKws KaTeaTpe^rev, ov- Sevbs Be/r]0el(7a KOG/JLOVVTOS Kal TrepiKoXvirTOVTos yuera Trjv Te\evTi]v. OVTW Trape/jLeive TW Oavdrep TO Koa^iov TT}? ^%>)5, Kal o~i€(j>v~\.aj;ev rjv <f>povpav 138 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxvm. 3-6 Among these women was the wife of Panteus, most noble and beautiful to look upon. The pair were still but lately married, and their misfortunes came upon them in the hey-day of their love. Her parents, indeed, would not permit her to sail away with Pan- teus immediately, although she wished to do so, but shut her up and kept her under con- straint ; a little later, however, she procured herself a horse and a small sum of money, ran away by night, made all speed to Taenarum, and there embarked upon a ship bound for Egypt. She was conveyed to her husband, and with him bore their life in a strange land without complaint and cheerfully. She it was who now took the hand of Cratesicleia as she was led forth by the soldiers, held up her robe for her, and bade her be of good courage. And Crate- sicleia herself was not one whit dismayed at death, but asked one favour only, that she might die before the children died. However, when they were come to the place of execution, first the children were slain before her eyes, and then Cratesicleia herself was slain, making but this one cry at sorrows so great: " O children, whither are ye gone ? " Then the wife of Panteus, girding up her robe, vigorous and stately woman that she was, ministered to each of the dying women calmly and without a word, and laid them out for burial as well as she could. And finally, after all were cared for, she arrayed herself, let down her robes from about her neck, and suffer- ing no one besides the executioner to come near or look upon her, bravely met her end, and had no need of anyone to array or cover up her body after death. Thus her decorum of spirit attended her in death, and she maintained to the end that watchful care of her body which she had set over it in life. 139 PLUTARCH'S LIVES XXXIX. *H fjiev ovv AaKeSai/jLcov, dycovicra/Jievr) TU> yvvaiKeiw opd^aTi TT/JO? TO av- Bptiovt ev rot? eV^arot? Kaipols eVe'Se^e rrjv dpeTi^v v/3pia0r)vai jj,r) ^vva/Jiev^v VTTO rrjs TU^^?. o\iyaL<; Be varepov ^ftepat? ol TO crw/ta rov KXeo- tea aTTOKpVTTTOvra TO irpouwTrov, ware 2 opveov e<f)L7rTacrdai <rapKO(pd<yoi>. CK &e rovrov Beiat$aifj,ovLa Trpoa-ejrea-e TW (BacriKel xal KaOapfJiwv Tat? yvvai^lv a dvSpos avrjprjjjievov 0€O(f)i\ov<s teal Kpeirrovos rrjv <f)vaiv. ol Se 'AXe^a^Spe?? Kal 7TOVTO <f)OLTWVT€S €irl TOV T07TOV, rjpWO, TOV /j,ev7j Kal 0ewv iral&a Trpoo-ayopevovres, a>xpt> ov 3 KareTravcrav avrovs ol (Tofy&Tepot, StSopTe? \oyov jJiev /5oe?, o-^)7}/ca9 Se WTTTO* Kara- 824 e%av6ovcri, Kavdapoi Be ovwv TO auTo TraOovrwv ^cooyovovvrai, TCL Be dvOpooTTiva crco- fjuara, rwv Trepl TOV /jiV6\bv l^^pwv ffvpporjV Tiva Kal crvaracriv ev eavTols \aftovTwv, o<peis ava- TOVTO KaTiSovres ol 7ra\aiol £a)Q)v TOV BpaKOVTO, Tot? ijpcocri 140 AGIS AND CLEOMENES, xxxix XXXIX. So, then, Sparta, bringing her women's tragedy into emulous competition with that of her men, showed the world that in the last extremity Virtue cannot be outraged by Fortune. And a few days afterwards those who were keeping watch upon the body of Cleomenes where it hung, saw a serpent of great size coiling itself about the head and hiding away the face so that no ravening bird of prey could light upon it. In consequence of this, the king was seized with superstitious fear, and thus gave the women occasion for various rites of purifi- cation, since they felt that a man had been taken off who was of a superior nature and beloved of the gods. And the Alexandrians actually wor- shipped him, coming frequently to the spot and addressing Cleomenes as a hero and a child of the gods ; but at last the wiser men among them put a stop to this by explaining that, as putrefying oxen breed bees, and horses wasps, and as beetles are generated in asses which are in the like condition of decay, so human bodies, when the juices about the marrow collect together and coagulate, produce serpents. And it was because they observed this that the ancients associated the serpent more than any other animal with heroes. 141 TIBERIUS AND CAIUS GRACCHUS TIBEPI02 KAI TAIO2 rPAFXOI T. TPArxoS T. 'H/^et? Be TIJV TrpcoTrjv Icnopiav OVK eXdrrova TrdOri TOVTWV ev av^vyia Oewprivai, TOV Ti/Bepuov KOI Yatov ftiov dvrnrapa/3d\\ovTe<>. OVTOI Tpdy^ov TraiSes rjcrav, eo n/uirjTfj re yevo/jievw KOL Si? vTrarevcravTi KOI 0pid/j,J3ov<; &vo KarayayovTi Xa/jLTrporepov rjv TO CLTTO TT}? dperr/^ 2 d^lwjjia. &io KOL rr]i> ^KrjTriwvos TOV fcaTa,7ro\e- lLr]<javTo<$ ^Avvifiav Ovyarepa Kopvtfkiav, OVK wv <f)i\o<>, d\\a KOI $id<popos TO) dv&pl yeyova)*?, \af3elv j]%i(a6r) /zera TTJV etcelvov Te\evTi]v. Xe- <y€Tai Be 7TOT6 o~v\\a(3elv avibv ejrl ^et'70? &paKbvT(dv, TOU? Be {idvreis TO Tepas a/ji(j)co pev OVK eav dve\elv ovBe d<f)eivai, Trepl Be 6arepou Bmipeiv, a>? o JAW apprjv TO) Tifteplw fyepoi OdvaTOv dvcupeOeis, rj Be 0tf\eta 3 rfj K.opvrjXi,a. TOV ovv Tiftepiov KOL <j)i\ovvTa TTJV yvvairca, real fjia\\ov aura) irpoaij/ceiv OVTI e/ceivrjs, TOV fiev appeva KTCIVCU TWV Bpa/covTwv, dcfreivai Be Trjv 6r)\€iav elra vaTepov ov 7roAA,a> 144 TIBERIUS AND CAIUS GRACCHUS TIBERIUS GRACCHUS I. Now that we have duly finished the first part of our story, we have to contemplate fates no less tragic than those of Agis and Cleomenes in the lives of the Roman couple, Tiberius and Caius, which we set in parallel. They were sons of Tiberius Gracchus, who, although he had been censor at Rome, twice consul, and had celebrated two triumphs, derived his more illustrious dignity from his virtue. Therefore, after the death1 of the Scipio who conquered Hannibal, although Tiberius had not been his friend, but actually at variance with him, he was judged worthy to take Scipio's daughter Cornelia in marriage. We are told, moreover, that he once caught a pair of serpents on his bed, and that the soothsayers, after considering the prodigy, forbade him to kill both serpents or to let both go, but to decide the fate of one or the other of them, declaring also that the male serpent, if killed, would bring death to Tiberius, and the female, to Cornelia. Tiberius, accordingly, who loved his wife, and thought that since she was still young and he was older it was more fitting that he should die, killed the male serpent, but let the female go. A short time afterwards, as the story 1 In 183 B.C. '45 PLUTARCH'S LIVES ovw Te\evTi}o-ai, BeKaBvo rraidas etc r/ys" Xt'a? avTfo yeyovoTas /azraXtTroi'Ta. 4 Kopvrj\ia Be dva\a(3ouo-a rov<t rraibas KOI TOV OLKOV, OVTW awtypova Kal (f)i\oT€Kvov Kal \6tyv%ov avTi^v Trapeo-^ev ware /AT; «ra«:w? j3efBov\ev(T0ai TOV 'Yiftepiov avr\ rotaurr/v yv- vaiKos aTroOai'elv e\ofJi€vov, rj ye Kal TOV /3acrtXe&)9 KOLVOV/JL^VOV TO SidBtj/uia Kal 5 fievov TOV yd/jiov avT^ rjpvtjaaTo, Kal ev aXXou? a7re/3aXe rraiSas, fjiiav be TWV , f) ^KijiTiwvi TW vecorepa) Kal Svo vlovs, Trcpl (ov TciSe yeyparrTai, Kal Fatoi/j ^iayevo^evov^ OUTW 0tXor 0pe\lrev wcrre TfdvTwv e^feo-raTOf? 'Pa)fj,aia)V 6/j,o\oyov/jiev(i)<; yeyovoTas TreTraiSevcrOai SOKCIV fi€\TlOV TJ 7T€<j)UK<lvai 7T/9O? dp€Tr')V. II. 'E-Trel Be, uxnrep r; TWV TrA.acrcro/teVcoi' Kal TOV 7TVKTIKOV TTyOO? TOZ^ pO/AlKOV €Tr T?? <popdv, OVTW TWV veavicTKoov ttcelvwv ev 7ro\\fj Ttj O? dvSpeiav Kal o-foffrpoavvrjv, ert Be e\ev9epio- Kal \oytoTtjTa Kal /j.eya\o-^rv%iav e/jL^epeia fjLeyd\ai rrepl TCL epya Kal ra? Tro\iTeia<$ olov €%rjv0i]o-av Kal Bieffrdvrj&av dvo/noioTijTe(f, ov %elpov elvai fjioi BOKCL raura? 7rpoeK0ea0ai. 2 TlpwTOv /J,€v ovv loea rrpoaanrov Kal (B\.efJLf.LaTL teal Kivij/jiaTi Trpao? Kal KaTaaTrjfjLaTiKos TJV 6 146 TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, i. 3-11. 2 goes, he died,1 leaving Cornelia with twelve children by him. Cornelia took charge of the children and of the estate, and showed herself so discreet, so good a mother, and so magnanimous, that Tiberius was thought to have made no bad decision when he elected to die instead of such a woman. For when Ptolemy 2 the king offered to share his crown with her and sought her hand in marriage, she refused him, and remained a widow. In this state she lost most of her children, but three survived ; one daughter, who married Scipio the Younger, and two sons, Tiberius and Caius, whose lives 1 now write. These sons Cornelia reared with such scrupulous care that although confessedly no other Romans were so well endowed by nature, they were thought to owe their virtues more to education than to nature. II. Now, just as, in spite of the likeness between Castor and Pollux as they are represented in sculpture and painting, there is a certain difference of shape between the boxer and the runner, so in the case of these young Romans, along with their strong resem- blance to one another in bravery and self-command, as well as in liberality, eloquence, and magnanimity, in their actions and political careers great unlike- nesses blossomed out, as it were, and came to light. Therefore I think it not amiss to set these forth before going further. In the first place, then, as regards cast of features and look and bearing, Tiberius was gentle and sedate, 1 He was consul for the second time in 163 B.C. The year of his death is unknown. This story is told and commented on by Cicero in De divinatione i. 18, 36 ; ii. 29, 62. 2 Probably Ptolemy VI., surnamed Philometor, king of Egypt 181-146 B.C. M7 PLUTARCH'S LIVES Be Kal (T^oSpO? O TdiO$, 0)CTT6 fcai Bti/nriyopelv rov fjiev ev /JLLO, %<^pa /3e/3ijKora , rov Be <Pct>/.iaiwv Trpwrov errl rov rrepirrdra) re ^p^aaadai KOI 'tfv rr)/3evvov eg W/AOV \eyovra, KaOdirep KXecava 825 TOV ' A.9r)vaiov laToprjraL TrepiGTrda-ai re TTJV TrepiftoXijv /col rov fjbrjpov dXorfaai rrpwrov rwv 3 &r//jiT}>yopovvra)V. eireira 6 Xoyo? rov /j,ev Taiov (po&epbs KOI TrepiTraOrjs €t? Seivcocriv, rjSiutv Se 6 rov 'Fiftepiov KOI fj,d\\ov eTrayayyos oi'tcrov rfj Be \e£ei KaOapos KOI SiaTreTrovrjaevo^ d €K€Lvo<i, 6 Be Yatov TriOavbs KOI ovrw Be real irepl Biatrav fcal rpdire^av Kal a^>eX^9 o Ti/3epio<$, o Be Fato? rot? JJLZV aXXoi? 7rapa/3a\eiv crtofypwv Kal avffTqpo?, rfj Be TT/JO? rov dBe\(f)bv Bia<f)opa VCOTT perrrf^ KOI rreplepyos, co? 4 01 Trepl Apovaov tfXeyxov ori Be\(j)iva<; 1 dpyvpovs eiTpiaro T^/XT}? et? efcda-rrjv \irpav Bpa^f^cov ^£- \i(ov Kal BiaKoaicov rrevry']Kovra. rw Be rjOei Kara rrjv rov \6yov Biacfropav 6 fiev eirieix^ Kal rcpaos, o Be rpa%v<$ Kal 6v/jLoeiBifc, ware Kal Trapa yi'co- ev TO) \eyeiv eK(j)€p6/j,evov TroXXa/a? UTT' opyfjs re (pcovyv drro^vveiv KOI fiXaacfrrjpeiv Kal crvvrapdrreiv rov \6yov. oOev Kal fior/Orj/LLa TT}? efCTpoirffi eTTOL^craro ravrrj<^ rov AIKLVVIOV, ol/ce OVK dvorjrov, o? e^wv fywvcKJKiKov opyavov, w (f)06yyov<; dvaftiftd^ovaiv, omcrOev ecrroo? rov Taiov \eyovros, OTTrjviKa rpa^vvofievov alaOoiro Tp <f)CDvf) Kal Trapapprjyvv/uevov Bi opyrfv, eveBiBov rovov /jLa\aKov, c5 TO <T(j)oBpbv e 1 5e\(f>~ivas Blass, Fuhr, and Ziegler, with the MSS. : (Delphic tables, or tripods), after Amyot. 148 TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, n. 2-5 while Caius was high-strung and vehement, so that even when haranguing the people the one stood composedly in one spot, while the other was the first Roman to walk about upon the rostra and pull his toga off his shoulder as he spoke. So Cleon the Athenian is said to have been the first of the popular orators to strip away his mantle and smite his thigh.1 In the second place, the speech of Caius was awe-inspiring and passionate to exaggeration, while that of Tiberius was more agreeable and more conducive to pity. The style also of Tiberius was pure and elaborated to a nicety, while that of Caius was persuasive and ornate. So also as regards their table and mode of life, Tiberius was simple and plain, while Caius, although temperate and austere as compared with others, in contrast with his brother was ostentatious and fasti- dious. Hence men like Drusus found fault with him because he bought silver dolphins at twelve hundred and fifty drachmas the pound. Again, their tempers were no less different than their speech. Tiberius was reasonable and gentle, while Caius was harsh and fiery, so that against his better judgment he was often carried away by anger as he spoke, raising his voice to a high pitch and uttering abuse and losing the thread of his discourse. Wherefore, to guard against such digressions, he employed an intelligent servant, Licinius, who stood behind him when he was speaking, with a sounding instrument for giving the tones of the voice their pitch. Whenever this servant noticed that the voice of Caius was getting harsh and broken with anger, he would give out a soft key-note, on hearing which Caius would at once remit the vehemence of his passion and of 1 See the Niciaa, viii. 3. VOL X. F I4<^ PLUTARCH'S LIVES TOV 7ra$ou9 KOI Trjs fywvrj? dvtels €7rpavv€TO KOI Trapel^ev eavrbv evavdic\rjTov. III. A I fjitv ovv SiCHpopal TOiavrai rives rjaav avra)V' dv$paya@La Be 737)09 TOi/9 7roXe/uoi>9 KCU 7rpo9 TOU9 VTrrjKoovs SifcaiO(Tvvr) /cal 77/909 ra? ap~)(a<s em^eXeia KCU. Trpo? ra? 7780^9 ey/cpdreia, arjrapd\\aKTOs. r^v Be Trpecrftv'repos eviawrols evvea 6 Tifiepios' KOL rovro rrjv e/carepov 7ro\i- Teiav aTTYjprriiJLevrjv rot? y^povois eirorjcre KOL ra? cravTwv /jLrj^e crv/AjSdXovTwv €t9 TO avro &vva/jiiv, /neyaXyv av ej; d/u,<f)OLi> O/AOU KOL dwrrep- f3\7]Tov yevo/JLevrjv. \eKTeov ovv l&ia jrepl ercarepov KCU rrepl TOV Trpea^vrepov nrpoTepov. IV. 'E/ceu>09 Toivvv ev6v<$ etc irai^wv ryevo/j-evos YJV 7repi/9o^T09 wcrre r/)9 TMV Avyovpwv \ejo- iepwavvr)? a^iO)07jvai 81 dperrjv fiaXXov rj $ia rrjv evjeveiav. eSijXaxre &e "ATTTTIOS KXau^io?, avr/p tea TifJirfTiKO^ KOI 7rpoyeypa/j./jLevo<; L TTO\V TOU9 ica avrov virepaipwv. ecmw^evwv jap ev ravry TMV iepewv, Trpoaa'yopevaas TOV Tlifiepiov ai)ro9 e^vaTO TTJ Ovyarpl 2 WJLov. oeajL€vov e r/cru-ew? e/ceivov /cal OVTW revoULevrs, eiaioov 6 oirca&e 7T/909 avrbv CITTO rT/9 6vpa<; evOvs e/caket TTjV <yVVGUKa jJL€jd\r) Trj (frwvf) (3oMV, "*fl 'AvTKTTia, Trjv K\av$Lav ^JJLMV dvBpl KaOw^oXo^iKa^ KciKei- /} / (t 'p' i> ^ ,, e ^\ * / i">j uav/jaffacra, 1 19, etTrev, rj CTTTOUOT) r/ rt TO Ta^o9; et 8e Tifiepiov avTrj Ppdy^ov 1 eZ 8e . . . evpriKfts Bekker has ct /x^ . . . fvp'urKfts ; Blass and Fiihr ci /*$; ef>p^Ktis (unless thou hadst found), after Stephanus. TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, n. 5~iv. a his speech, grow gentle, and show himself easy to recall. III. The differences between them, then, were of this nature ; but as regards bravery in the face of the enemy, just dealings with subject peoples, scrupulous fidelity in public office, and restraint in pleasurable indulgence, they were exactly alike. Tiberius, however, was nine years older than his brother ; and this set a different period for the political activity of each, and more than anything else vitiated their undertakings. They did not rise to eminence at the same time, and so did not combine their powers into one. Such an united power would have proved irresistibly great. We must therefore give an account of each by himself, and of the elder first. IV. Tiberius, then, as soon as he got past boyhood, was so widely known as to be thought worthy of a place among the priests called Augurs ; and this was due to his virtues rather than to his excellent birth, as was clearly shown by Appius Claudius. For Appius, who had been consul and censor, had been made Dean of the Roman senate l by virtue of his dignity, and in loftiness of spirit far surpassed his contemporaries, at a banquet of the augurs2 addressed Tiberius with words of friendship, and asked him to become the husband of his daughter. Tiberius gladly accepted the invitation, and the betrothal was thus arranged, and when Appius returned home, from the doorway where he stood he called his wife and cried in a loud voice: "Antistia, I have betrothed our Claudia." And Antistia, in amazement, said : " Why so eager, or why so fast ? If thou hadst only found 1 Princeps Senatus. 8 Presumably at the induction of Tiberius into office. PLUTARCH'S LIVES 3 vvacfrlov." OVK dyvow Be on TOVTO r/i/e? eVi TOV Trarepa rcbv Tpdy^wv Ti/Sepiov real TOP *A<j)piKavov dva<j)epovcriv, «X\' ol rjjjLels ypd(f)o/A6v lcrropov(Tt,, Kal Trjv ^Krj-niwvos 'A<ppiKavov T€\€vrr)v rou? <$ria\v €/c TTCIVTWV TrpoKpivavTCis TOV bovvai Tijv Kopv)]\Lav, ct)9 VTTO TOV Trarpos avifc- &OTOV Kal dveyyvov dTroXeifyOela-av. 4 'O S' ovv vewrepo*? TtSe/Mo? o-Tpareuo/jievos ev Aifivy fjL€Ta TOV BevTepov S/C^TT/CO^O?, e^oi/ro? avTov TTJV d&eX^ijv, O/JLOV o-vi>$iaiTot)fj,6vos VTTO TO) aTaT Ta ev CLVTOV KaT6/jLa&6, TroXXa /cal fj,e<ydXa TT^O? Kal fiifjaqarw eVt TWV irpd^ewv ei Be TWV vewv TidvTwv eTrpwTevev evTa^ia 5 dvBpeia' Kal TOV ye Tet^of? eVeyS?; TWV w? (frrja-i <&dvvio<$t \eywv Kal avTos TW 826 TT}? dpio~T€ias. 7ro\\rjv Be Kal Trapoov evvoiav el%€V ev TW crTpaTOTreBw Kal iroOov aTraXXarro- IJ.GVOS avTov KaTe\t7re. V. Mera Be Trjv crTpaTeiav e/ceivrjv aipeQels eXa^e TWV VTTCLTWV Tattp MajKLva crv- eVl Noyua^TtVou?, dvOptoTrw fj,ev ov u), fiapVTTOT/JOTaTM Be 'Pw/jLauwv aTpart-jyu). Bio Kal [taXXov ev TV^ais 7rapa\cyoLS Kal Trpdy- fj.ao~iv evavTLOis TOV T^ifteplov BieXajjityev ov IAOVOV TO avveTov Kal dvbpeiov, aXX', 6 Oavfjidviov r/v, atSco? re ?roXX?x; Kal Ti^irj TOV ap^ovTOS, VTTO TWV KaKwv ovS* eavTov, el o~TpaTr)yos ecrTiv, eiriyi- 2 VWCTKOVTOS. rjTTrjQels yap /za^ai? yaeyaXai? €7re- TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, iv. 3-v. 2 Tiberius Gracchus for betrothal to her ! " I am aware that some1 refer this story to Tiberius the father of the Gracchi and Scipio Africanus Major, but the majority of writers tell it as I do, and Polybius says2 that after the death of Scipio Africanus the relatives of Cornelia chose out Tiberius in preference to all others and gave her to him, as one who had been left by her father unaffianced and unbetrothed. The younger Tiberius, accordingly, serving in Africa under the younger Scipio,3 who had married his sister, and sharing his commander's tent, soon learned to understand that commander's nature (which pro- duced many great incentives towards the emulation of virtue and its imitation in action), and soon led all the young men in discipline and bravery; yes, he was first to scale the enemies' wall, as Fannius says, who writes also that he himself scaled the wall with Tiberius and shared in that exploit. While he remained with the army Tiberius was the object of much good will, and on leaving it he was greatly missed. V. After this campaign he was elected quaestor, and had the fortune to serve in a war against Num- antia under the consul Caius Mancinus,4 who was not bad as a man, but most unfortunate of the Romans as a general. Therefore in the midst of unexpected misfortunes and adverse circumstances not only did the sagacity and bravery of Tiberius shine forth all the more, but also — and this was astonishing — the great respect and honour in which he held his commander, who, under the pressure of disasters, forgot even that he was a general. For after he had 1 Cf. Livy. xxxviii. 57. 2 Of. Polybius, xxxii. 13. s In the campaign of 146 B.C., which ended with the destruction of Carthage. * Consul in 137 B.C. '53 PLUTARCH'S LIVES fjL€v dva^evyvvvai VVKTOS, ere\L7ru)V TO (TTpaTorreBov alaQo^vwv Be TMV NofAavTivwv KOI TO /ji€V (TTpaTOTreBov ev6v<$ \a/36vTQ)V, rot? Be dv0p(*)7rois tTTLTrecrovTwv tyevyovcn KOI TOVS e'cr^a- TOU? (frovevovTwv, TO Be TTCLV e^KVK\ovfjLevwv crTpd- KCL\ crvvwOovvTwv et? TOTTOU? ^a\67rou? KOI OVK eOVTCLS, UTTOVOVS T$V €K TOV crwTtipiav o M ajKivos e 3 rrepl aTrovSwv KOI $ia\vcr€wv TTyOo? aurotV ol 5e TTicrTeveiv €(f)a(rav ovSevl rr\i]v (JLOVW Tf/3ept&), KOI TOVTOV eKeXevov aTTocTTeXXeii' TT/oo? aurou?. eVe- TrovQeaav Be TOVTO real BL CLVTOV TOV veaviaicov (?jv yap avTOV TrXetcrro? \6yos eVt crTpctTia^, KOI /JL€/J,l"r)/jL6VOl TOV TTaT/309 TlfiepLOV, 0? 7T O\6 fllj (T a? teal TroXXou? 7T/305 TOU? No/uai'TU'oi"? «at TavTijv TOV Bf}/jLOV op6ws Kal Bi/caiws del e/i</>(9el9 6 Tt/3ep^o? /cat rot? dvBpdcri, real TCL fj.ev Tra'cra?, ra eVvra'craTO, A-at Bicr/nvpLOvs eaaxre TToXtra?, ai^eu Oepcnreias real T&V e VI. Ta 8e ev TW % irdvTa KaT€a"%ov ol Nop.avTlvoi teal BieTropOrjcrav. ev Be TOVTOIS teal TrivateiBes rjcrav TOV Tt/Bepiov, ypdjui/j.aTa teal \6yovs e^ovaai rr}? Ta/jiievTitefjs dp%r}<;, a? Tre/^l TTO\\OV Troiovfjievos dTro\a(3elv, ijBrj TOV aTpaTov Trpotee^coprj KOTOS dvecrTpe^re rrpos rrjv Tro\iv, €%(ov fj,eP eavTov Tpels rj rerra/ja? 154 TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, v. 2-vi. i been defeated in great battles, he attempted to abandon his camp and withdraw his forces by night ; but the Numantines became aware of his attempt and promptly seized his camp. Then they fell upon his men as they fled, slew those who were in the rear, encompassed his whole army, and crowded them into regions that were full of difficulties and afforded no escape. Mancinus, despairing of forcing his way to safety, sent heralds to the enemy proposing a truce and terms of peace ; but the enemy declared that they had confidence in no Roman save only Tiberius, and ordered that he should be sent to them. They had this feeling towards the young man not only on his own account (for he was held in very high esteem by the Numantine soldiery), but also because they remembered his father Tiberius, who waged war against the Spaniards,1 and subdued many of them, but made a peace with the Numantines, to the observance of which with integrity and justice he always held the Roman people. So Tiberius was sent and held conference with the enemy, and after getting them to accept some conditions, and himself accepting others, effected a truce, and thereby manifestly saved the lives of twenty thousand Roman citizens, besides attendants and camp followers. VI. However, all the property captured in the camp was retained by the Numantines and treated as plunder. Among this were also the ledgers of Tiberius, containing written accounts of his official expenses as quaestor. These he was very anxious to recover, and so, when the army was already well on its way, turned back towards the city, attended by 1 In 180-179 B.O. 155 PLUTARCH'S LIVES 2 eraipov?. €KKo\ecra$ $e rwv NofjLavrivtov TOU? L ra? 8e\rou?, w? /j-r rot? eo^ iaorv OVK i Trepl TWV wKOVo^ri^evwv. i)cr9evT€S ovv ol No/uai'Tiz'ot rfj crvvrvyia T)}S ^eta? 7rapeKa\ovv av~ov eaeeiv et? rat? > KOI aurou? 7roXe//tou9, aXV 009 <pi\ois xptjaOai KOI 3 77Lcr~€V£iv. eBoi;€v ovv TO) Tifiepitn ravra Troielv, TMV re SeXrco^ 7repie~)(oiJ.evw KCU BeSoiKori Trapo- %vveiv &)? aTriaTovfjLevovs TOVS Xo^afrtVou?. etcreX- QoVTl &6 €i? T^y TTQ\LV irpWTOV fJLtV CLplCTTOV TrapeOeaav, real rracrav eTronjcravTo Berjcriv e'/xc^a- aurwv aTredocrav, KCLI TOW a\\wv a /3ov\oiro \aftelv e/ceXevov. 6 5' ov&ev rj TOV TOU9 YII. 'ETrel Se et9 'P(t)fJ,rjv eTravfjXdev, rj /j,ev 0X77 0)9 oeii//) /^ai Karaicrxvvovcra rny 'Paj ali'iav ei^e /cat KaTriyopiav, 01 de TU>V TOV 7T/309 Tot» Tiftepiov, ra yeyovoTtov i-atyepovTes et9 TOI^ cp^ovTa, t' CLVTOV 8 2 OL /jLevTOi, &va")(jepaivovTes TO, TreTrpay^eva (ju^el- 827 Toi/9 irpoyovovs erceXevov tcai yap e/ceivot 156 TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, vi. 2-vn. 2 three or four companions. After summoning forth the magistrates of Numantia, he asked them to bring him his tablets, that he might not give his enemies opportunity to malign him by not being able to give an account of his administration. The Numantines, accordingly, delighted at the chance to do him a favour, invited him to enter the city ; and as he stood deliberating the matter, they drew near and clasped his hands, and fervently entreated him no longer to regard them as enemies, but to treat and trust them as friends. Tiberius, accordingly, decided to do this, both because he set great store by his tablets, and because he feared to exasperate the Numantines by showing them distrust. After he had entered the city, in the first place the Numantines set out a meal for him, and entreated him by all means to sit down and eat something in their company ; next, they gave him back his tablets, and urged him to take whatever he wanted of the rest of his property. He took nothing, however, except the frankincense which he was wont to use in the public sacrifices, and after bidding them farewell with every expression of friendship, departed. VII. When he came back to Rome, the whole transaction was blamed and denounced as a ter- rible disgrace to the city, although the relatives and friends of the soldiers, who formed a large part of the people, came flocking to Tiberius, imputing the disgrace in what had happened to his commander, but insisting that it was due to Tiberius that the lives of so manv citizens had been saved. Those, J however, who were displeased at what had been done urged for imitation the example of their ancestors, who flung' to the enemy unarmed the generals 157 PLUTARCH'S LIVES TOL»? dyaTTyjaavTas VTTO ^avvnwv d(f)€0fji>at crrpa- rriyovs avTovs re rot? TroXe/uot? yvfivovs irpoa- eppityav, Kal roi/9 efyatyanevovs Kal TO)V CTTrOV&WV, OiOV Ta/Ua? KOL ^Xta irpov/3a\ov, et? eicelvovs rrjv eTTtopfciav teal rrjv 3 BtaXvaiv T&V a)fJLO\0'yr]iJLevwv rpeTrovres. ev6a Kail fjL(i\L(Tra rrjv TT/OO? TOI^ Ti/Sepiov evvoiav £%e$>r]vev o ST}/XO?. TOV pep jap VTTCITOV <yvfjivov real $e$€/jie rot? No/navrivois, rayv Se a\\cov e$ei<javro Sia Tifiepiov. SoKel 8e KCU ^K^TTLWV /3 Tore /cal 7r\ela"rov Svvdfji€vos ' aAA,' ov&ev rjrrov ev am'a/? TJV on TOV M.ay/civov ov irepiea-wcrev, ov$€ ra? %>w6rivat rot? Noyuai/Tti/oi9 eo'irov 4 olfceiov /cal <fti\ov TOV Ti/3ep[ov yevofievas. TO eoitcev €K >L\oTLia^ ical TOV Tiftepiov (f)L\(ov Kal crotpicrTayv *Ky£V€(T0ai ra TT}? &ia<fiopas. aAA' avTrj ye TT/QO? ou&ev d ouBe <f>av\ov e'^evrecre. SoKel 8' dv ^ Trepnrecrelv o Tiftepios ol? eTraffev, el Trapfjv avTou rot? Tco\LTevfJiaaL ^/crjiricDV 6 *A<f)pLKav6s' vvv &e etcelvov Trepl No/^avTiav 6Vro? rjSr) KOL 7ro\eu,ovvTo$ Tcepl rot/? I'o/iou? TroXireta? €K am a?. VIII. Pw/jialoL TT}? TCOV daTvyeiTovwv Trjv fjiev 158 TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, VH. 2-vin. i themselves who had been satisfied to be let go by the Samnites, and in like manner cast forth those who had taken hand and share in the treaty, as for instance V * the quaestors and military tribunes, turning upon their heads the guilt of perjury and violation of the pact.1 In the present affair, indeed, more than at any other time, the people showed their good will and affection towards Tiberius. For they voted to deliver up the consul unarmed and in bonds to the Numantines, but spared all the other officers for the sake of Tiberius. It would seem, too, that Scipio, who was then the greatest and most influential man at Rome, helped to save them ; but none the less he was blamed 2 for not saving Mancinus, and for not insisting that the treaty with the Numantines, which had been made through the agency of his kinsman C7 •/ and friend Tiberius, should be kept inviolate. It would appear that the disagreement between the two men arose chiefly through the ambition of Tiberius and from the friends and sophists who urged him on. But this disagreement certainly resulted in no mischief past remedy. And in my opinion Tiberius would never have met with his great misfor- tunes if Scipio Africanus had been present at Rome during his political activity. But as it was, Scipio was already at Numantia 3 and waging war there when Tiberius began to agitate for his agrarian laws. The occasion of this was as follows. VIII. Of the territory which the Romans won in war from their neighbours, a part they sold, and a 1 In 321 B.C. Cf. Cicero, De of., iii. 30, 109. 2 By Tiberius and his friends. 8 Scipio was sent against Numantia in 134 B.C., and took end destroj-ed the city in the following year, in which year also Tiberius* was killed. 159 PLUTARCH'S LIVES rrjv Be Troiov/jbevoi, Brjiiocriav eBiBocrav TOi? aKTI^UJLOdi KOi aTTOpOlS TWV 7ToX*.TCOl>, O.7TO- (fropav ov 7ro\\rjv et? TO By/noo'iov Te\ovcnv. 2 dp^a/jLevtov Be rwv 7r\ova~ia)v V7rep/3d\,\.eiv ras 0,770^)0/30,9 KCU TOL/? Tre'^ra? €%e\avvovTtov, eypd<f)r) vofjios OVK €wv ir\idpa 7>/9 e%eiv 7r\elova TWV TrevTCLKocrLGov. /COL ^pa^vv /j,ev xpovov eVecr^e ri]v TT\eove%iav TO ypd/JLfjLa rovro, KOI rot? Trevrj- criv eftot'jdrjcre Kara %(*)pav fxevovcriv eVt ra)i> Kal veiJLOfiivois y}v e/cacrro? 3 el%e fiolpav. varepov Be TWV <y6iTvia)VTa)v TT\OV- cricov v7ro/3\iJTOLS Trpo&coTTois fieTa^epovrwv ra? €t? eavrovs, TeXo? Be (pai>epa)$ 7/877 S^ TO, TrXetcrra KaTe^ovrwv, €%a)<j6 evres ol oure rat? crT/oaretai? ert nrpoOvfjiovs Trapei- eauroi;?, ^JJL€\OVV re Trai&wv dvarpo(f)f)s, ware Lwv Be ftapftapifcwv « f TT\r)(j6ai, Si wv eyecapyovv ol ir\ovaiOL ra 4 TOU? TToX-iTas e^eXdaavTes. eTre^elp^cre /juv ovv rfj Biopdwcret, Fato? AatXto? o S/CT/TTt'aM'o? eialpos. dvTLtcpovcrdvTtoV Be rayv Svvarwv (^o/3?^el? TOV Oopvftov teal Trav&d/jievos eirefcKijdr) cro^o? 7} <f)po- vifjios' etcdrepov yap eBotcei arffjiaiveiv o (jairLijv^ 6 Tt/Se'/jfo? Be Srj/j.apxo<$ drroBei^Oel^ eu^L9 eV avri-jv wp/jLiyae rrjv Trpa^LV, &)? /j,€V ol \eyoucri, Aio^az/of? roO pijropos teal 5 TOL) (f)i\oa-6(f)ov Trapopfjirjaavrcov avrov, wv 6 fjitv as rjv M.iTV\i)valo<;, 6 Be avroOev 1 60 TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, vm. 1-5 part they made common land, and assigned it for occupation to the poor and indigent among the citizens, on payment of a small rent into the public treasury. And when the rich began to offer larger rents and drove out the poor, a law was enacted forbidding the holding by one person of more than five hundred acres of land. For a short time this enactment gave a check to the rapacity of the rich, and was of assistance to the poor, who remained in their places on the land which they had rented and occupied the allotment which each had held from the outset. But later on the neighbouring rich men, by means of fictitious personages, transferred these rentals to themselves, and finally held most of the land openly in their own names. Then the poor, who had been ejected from their land, no longer showed themselves eager for military service, and neglected the bringing up of children, so that soon all Italy was conscious of a dearth of freemen, and was filled with gangs of foreign slaves, by whose aid the rich cultivated their estates, from which they had driven away the free citizens. An attempt was there- fore made to rectify this evil, and by Caius Laelius the comrade of Scipio ; but the men of influence opposed his measures, and he, fearing the disturbance which might ensue, desisted, and received the surname of Wise or Prudent (for the Latin word "sapiens" would seem to have either meaning). Tiberius, however, on being elected tribune of the people, took the matter directly in hand. He was incited to this step, as most writers say, by Diophanes the rhetorician and Blossius the philosopher. Diophanes was an exile from Mitylene, but Blossius 161 PLUTARCH'S LIVES , 'AvriTrdrpov rov eV dcrrei avvv6^ KOI avrov 7Tpo(T(^(ai>jj(T€o-i <ypafji^drwv <pi\oao<f)(ov» ei'ioi Be Kal Kopvr)\iav Gvvtrcain&vrai ri]V ^77- repa 7ro\\dfct<; TOU? f/oi/9 ovei&i&ucrav OTI ra>- (jLatoi ^tcrjTriwvos ai)Tr]V en irevOepdv, OVTTQ) oe 6 fiijTepa Ypd<y)(wv Trpodayopevovcriv. a\\oi oe ^TTopiov Tiva Tlo&Tov/jiiov aiTiov j6i'€(70aL \eyov- <TIV, r)\iKi(t)Tr)v rov ^ijSeplov Kal €(f)d/Ai\\ov avru) Trepl ra? avviyyopias, ov, eTrai>r)\6ev CLTTO TT}? crr/jarta?, evpoov TroXu rfj £ Kal ry Bvvd/jLei TraprfXXa^oTa KOI Q t}0e\rjaev, 0)9 eoircev, V7rep/3a\€crdai TroXiTeu/zaro? 828 7rapaB6\ov Kal /jL€<yd\r)v TrpoaSoK o S' aSeAx/)09 avrov Fato? eV iw yeypatyev et? No^avrlav Tropevo/Jievov Sid TT}? rTvppr]VLas TOV Tifiepiov, Kal rrjv eprj/JLiav rfj<; ^a>/?a? opwvra KOI rou? yecopyovvras r) ve/Aovra? otVera? eVeicraVrou? /tat fiapftdpovs, Tore jrp&rov €7rl vovv /3a\eo-0ai rrjv /jivpicov Kaicwv ap^acrav avrols 7ro\iT€Lav. rrjv 8e ir\eia"niv avro? o S^- yao9 opfjwjv Kal (friXoTi/miav ej~r)-^re, 7rpOKa\ov/nevos Bid rypa/jL/jLarayv avrov ev crToat9 Kal TOL^OI^ Kal di>a\a/3eiv IX. Ov n/r)V e'0' avrov ye crvi>e0tjK€ rov VO/JLOV, T049 ^e Trpwrevovaiv dperfj Kal 86%r} rwv 7ro\ircov ^prjardfjievo^, wv Kal Kpacrtro^ rjv o l MOVKIOS S/cat/3oXa9 o 162 TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, vm. 5-ix. i was a native Italian from Cumae, had been an intimate friend of Antipater of Tarsus at Rome, and had been honoured by him with the dedication of philosophical treatises. But some put part of the blame upon Cornelia the mother of Tiberius, who often reproached her sons because the Romans still called her the mother-in-law of Scipio, but not yet the mother of the Gracchi. Others again say that a certain Spurius Postumius was to blame. He was of the same age as Tiberius, and a rival of his in reputation as an advo- cate ; and when Tiberius came back from his cam- paign and found that his rival had far outstripped him in reputation and influence and was an object of public admiration, he determined, as it would seem, to outdo him by engaging in a bold political measure which would arouse great expectations among the people. But his brother Caius, in a certain pamphlet,1 has written that as Tiberius was passing through Tuscany on his way to Numantia, and observed the dearth of inhabitants in the country, and that those who tilled its soil or tended its flocks there were imported barbarian slaves, he then first conceived the public policy which was the cause of countless ills to the two brothers. However, the energy and ambition of Tiberius were most of all kindled by the people themselves, who posted writings on porticoes, house- walls, and monuments, calling upon him to recover for the poor the public land. IX. He did not, however, draw up his law by himself, but took counsel with the citizens who were foremost in virtue and reputation, among wrhom were Crassus the pontifex maxim us, Mucius Scaevola the 1 Probably a political pamphlet in the form of a letter. Cf. Cicero, de div. ii. 29, 62. 163 PLUTARCH'S LIVES Tore real KXauSio? "ATTTTto? o 2 TOV Tiifiepiov. Kal So/eel VO/JLOS et? aoiiciav teal 7T\eove%iav ToaavTrjv /zr/SeTrore Trpaorepo? ypa- <f>i}vai Kal /jLaXaKMTepos. 01)9 yap eo€L BL/crjv r/)? d-rreideias Bovvai KOI yu-era £?7/ua<j ?}i/ Trapa TOI)? yo/^of? ercapTTOVvro ^utpav afyelvai, TOUTOU? e'/ce- Xeucre TL^V TrpocrXanfidvovTas eKJSalveiv wv a8t/c&)? etceKTrjVTO, /col Tra/jaSe^ecr^at TOI)? /3o?7- 3 deias Seofjuevovs TWV TroXtrcoi/. aXXa /caLTrep ourw eTravopOwcrecos oucrrj^ evyvoa/jiovos, o [lev 8)7/^09 Trapels ra yeyevij^eva, TravcraaOat. TO \OL7TOV d$ I KOV/J,€V 0$, 01 $6 TT\OV(TIOI KOi opyf) 8e ical TOV rov t/jiov, co? 71? avaaa^Qv e T?}? TroXtre/a? elordyovros TOV Tiftepiov teal TrdvTa Trpdy/jiaTa KLVOVVTOS. 4 'AA.V ou8ei^ lirepaivov o yap Ti/Bepios Trpo? Ka\r)V vTroOeaLv Kal SiKaiav dyu>vi%6[j.ei'o<; \6yro teal (f)av\6repa icocr^TJcrat Svva/Aei &€LVOS TIV Kal dfjua^o^, orrore TOV &rf/j,ov TW 7r€piK6%v/jLevov KdTacTTas \eyot, rrepl a>? TCL fjiev Oripla ra Trjv '\Ta\iav vefjio^eva Kal (j)d)\eov e^et Kal KOLTOIQV ecrTiv avTwv 5 Kal KaTaova-eis,1 rot? Be virep TT}? 'IraA-ta? yiteVoi? «:ai diro9vr}crKOvcriv ae/)o? d\\ov Be ov&evos {LeTecrTiv, aXX' doiKOi Kal dvi- BpVTOt /iieTa TCKVCOV Tr\avwvTai Kal yvvaiK&v, oi Be avTOKpaTopes tyevBovTai TOVS GTpaTUOTas ev vrrep Bekker and many other editors have after Stephanus and Reiske. 164 TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, ix. 1-5 jurist, who was then consul, and Appius Claudius, his father-in-law. And it is thought that a law dealing with injustice and rapacity so great was never drawn up in milder and gentler terms. For men who ought to have been punished for their disobedience and to have surrendered with payment of a fine the land which they were illegally enjoying, these men it merely ordered to abandon their injust acquisitions upon being paid their value, and to admit into owner- ship of them such citizens as needed assistance. But although the rectification of the wrong was so considerate, the people were satisfied to let bygones be bygones if they could be secure from such wrong in the future ; the men of wealth and substance, however, were led by their greed to hate the law, and by their \vrath and contentiousness to hate the law- giver, and tried to dissuade the people by alleging that Tiberius was introducing a re-distribution of land for the confusion of the body politic, and was stirring up a general revolution. But they accomplished nothing ; for Tiberius, striving to support a measure which was honour- able and just with an eloquence that would have adorned even a meaner cause, was formid- able and invincible, whenever, with the people crowding around the rostra, he took his stand there and pleaded for the poor. " The wild beasts that roam over Italy," he would say, " have every one of them a cave or lair to lurk in ; but the men who fight and die for Italy enjoy the common air and light, indeed, but nothing else ; houseless and homeless they wander about with their wives and children. And it is with lying lips that their imperators exhort the soldiers in their battles to 165 PLUTARCH'S LIVES icpwv afJLvveaOai TOU? TroXe/uof 9- ovSevl yap € ov ftw/jLOS Trarpraos, OVK rjpiov rrpoyoviKov ToaovTwv 'Pw/jiaicov, aXX' vrrep aXXoTyoia? Kttl 7T\OVTOV 7TO\€fJLOV(TL KOL d OVK X. Tovrovs CLTTO (frpovij/AaTos /jLeydXov vs aXi-fOivov TOU? Xo7ou? Kariovras l et? v evOovcnwvra Kal avv^^avKJTa^evov o v(f)i(TTaTO TWV evavTiwv. eacravres ovv TO avri- ~\.&yeiv eVt Ma/3/coi/ 'O/cra/3iOi/ TpeTrovrai TWV Brj/jidpXwv eva, veaviav e/J,j3pi0f) TO ?}^o? /tal 2 KofffJLLOv, eralpov &e TOV Tifiepiov Kal avvrjdrj. $10 TO .ev TrwTov alBovjLevos €K€ivov dveSvero" TTO\- \wv 8e Kal Svvarwv Seopevcov Kal wa~7rep eK^iaaOel? dvrncaOiorTaro rw Tifteplq) TO KCLTOS' OV$€V a Oi 3 Ke\€vovTes Trepaivovaiv ez^o? ei'i<rrajj.evov. rovro Trapo^vi'Oels 6 Tiftepios TOV fj.ev OpWTTOV €7TaV€L\€TO VOfJLOV, TOV Be r)$LO) T€ TOt? TroXXoi? Kal crfyo&poTepov eVl TOU? d&iKovinas elaetpepev r;8r;, Kekevwv e^iaTaaOai T^ ^co/oa? f)v €KeKTi]VTO Trapa TOU? rrpOTepovs VO/JLOVS. 4 *Hcrar ovv O/JLOV TL Kad' eKaa'Trjv ^fjiepav dywves avTW TT^O? rbv 'QKTdftlov eVi TOU /5/;//,aTO?, ev 829 ol?, KaiTrep e% aicoa^ aTrovorjs Kal (friXoveiKias dvTepei$ovT€s, ovoev elrreiv \eyovTai Trepl aXX?;- \wv $av\ov, ov$e prjfjLa Trpoirecrelv OaTepov 1 Ka.Ti6i>Tas Bekker has Kararelvovra, after Coraes, from the variant Karardvovras. 166 TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, ix. 5-x. 4 defend sepulchres and shrines from the enemy ; for not a man of them has an hereditary altar,not one of all these many Romans an ancestral tomb, but they fight and die to support others in wealth and luxury, and though they are styled masters of the world, they have not a single clod of earth that is their own." X. Such words as these, the product of a lofty spirit and genuine feeling, and falling upon the ears of a people profoundly moved and fully aroused to the speaker's support, no adversary of Tiberius could successfully withstand. Abandoning therefore all counter-pleading, they addressed themselves to Marcus Octavius, one of the popular tribunes, a young man of sober character, discreet, and an intimate companion of Tiberius. On this account Octavius at first tried to hold himself aloof, out of regard for Tiberius ; but he was forced from his position, as it were, by the prayers and supplications of many influential men, so that he set himself in opposition to Tiberius and staved off the passage of the law. Now, the decisive power is in the hands of any tribune who interposes his veto ; for the wishes of the majority avail nothing if one tribune is in opposition. Incensed at this procedure, Tiberius withdrew his considerate law, and introduced this time one which was more agreeable to the multitude and more severe against the wrongdoers, since it simply ordered them to vacate without compensation the land which they had acquired in violation of the earlier laws. Almost every day, therefore, there were forensic contests between Tiberius and Octavius, in which, as we are told, although both strove together with the utmost earnestness and rivalry, neither abused the other or let fall a single word about the other which 167 PLUTARCH'S LIVES rov erepov St' opyyv avemr^eiov. ov jap ev /3ctK'%€VfjLao'iv)l GO? eoiK€v, d\\a KOI ev (j)i\o- ri/jiLais Kal opyais TO irefyvKevcu /mXco? /ecu rre- 7rcu$€vcr6at crax£/?oz'&>? efyia'rr)o~i /cal 5 rrjv Sidvoiav. eirel B€ ea)pa rov ' fj,€vov TO) vo/jLto teal KaT6%ovTa %a)pa<; crvxyrjv o Tt/3epiO9, eBelro jrapelvai rrjv <$>L\oveiKtav, LK/ucrra/zefo? aurw rrjv Tiprjv airo- &0)(T€IV €K TWV IBlCOV, KCLLTTep OV \a/J,7Tpa)V OVTWV. OVK avaa-"xofji£vov Se rov 'Qxraftuov, Biaypdfjifj,ari ra? a'AAa? ap^a? a?racra? e/ccoXvcre ^prffjiari^eiv, 6 a^pL av f) Trepl rov vo^ov Sieve^Ofj -v/r^^o?* ra> Be rov K/3oz^ou vaw crffrpaylSas t'3ta? erreftakev, OTTW? ol racial prj&ev ej; avrov \au(Bdvoiev fjur]$ etV</>e- poiev, KOI rot? arr£i6ii(jci<ji rwv o~rpari]<yoiv tyfjbiav CTTeieijpygev, wcrre rrdvras VTroSeicravras d<peti'ai 7 rrjv e/cacrrft) TrpocrtjKovcrav OiKovo^JLiav. evrev6ev ol Krrj^ariKol ra? JJLCV eaOtjras /j,ere/3a\ov fcal Trepifjecrav olicrpoi KCU rarreivol Kara rijv dyopdv, €7T€/3ov\evov Be T<W Tiftepiw Kpixpa Kal o~vvi- o~raaav eir avrov TOL/? dvaipij&ovras, ware /ca- Kelvov ov&evos dyvoovvroi vTro^wvvvcrOai o XI. 'E^crracr^? Be rr}? T^e'pa? Kal rov Btjfj,ov avrov Ka\ovvro<$ enl rrjv ^Irfjfov, ^pTrdaOrjaai' VTTO row rr\ov(Tiwv ai vBpiai, Kal ra yivo^eva 7roX\.r)V el'xe (Tvy%V(Tiv. ov fjLrjv d\\a rcov rrepl Tiftepiov 7r\i')06i ^Laa-acrOai Bvva/jLevwv Kal avcr- ejrl rovro, MaAAto? Kal yap zv 76 ffct>(ppci>i> ov (Euripides, Bacchae, 310 f. (Kirchhoff)). 168 TIBER I US GRACCHUS, x. 4-xi. i anger made unseemly. For not only " in Bacchic revelries/' as it appears, but also in the exercise of rivalry and wrath, a noble nature and a sound train- ing restrain and regulate the mind. Moreover, when Tiberius observed that Octavius himself was amenable to the law as a large holder of the public land, he begged him to remit his opposition, promising to pay him the value of the land out of his own means, although these were not splendid. But Octavius would not consent to this, and therefore Tiberius issued an edict forbidding all the other magistrates to transact any public business until such time as the vote should be cast either for or against his law. He also put his private seal upon the temple of Saturn, in order that the quaestors might not take any money from its treasury or pay anj into it, and he made proclamation that a penalty would be imposed upon such praetors as disobeyed, so that all magis- trates grew fearful and ceased performing their several functions. Thereupon the men of property put on the garb of mourning and went about the forum in pitiful and lowly guise ; but in secret they plotted against the life of Tiberius and tried to raise a band of assassins to take him off, so that Tiberius on his part — and everybody knew it — wore a con- cealed short-sword such as brigands use (the name for it is "dolo"). XI. When the appointed day was come and Tiber- ius was summoning the people to the vote, the voting urns were stolen away by the party of the rich, and great confusion arose. However, the supporters of Tiberius were numerous enough to force the issue, and were banding together for this purpose, when 169 PLUTARCH'S LIVES avBpes virartKOL, 7rpoo~7T€cr6vT€<} TO> Tiiftepicp teal %€ipwv ciTTTo/Jievoi KOI BaKpvovT€s eSeovTO Traixra- 2 cr6ai. TOV Be /ecu TO /meX\ov oo~ov OVTT(I) Beivbv yjBrj J ^ \ C* * 5Cv^ « > ^ ^ /) crv/jL(ppovovvTOs, Kai 01 aibw TWV avopwv TTVUO- TI K€\evovcri Trpdrreiv CLVTOV, OVK e<j)acrav elvai TT/JO? r^\ifcavrrjv av/jL^ovXiav, Be rfj ftov\fj tceXevovres KOI Beopevoi avveiTeiaav. fn? Be ovBev eTreflaivev 77 {3ov\r) (rvveXOovcra Bta Tot/? TrXofcrtof? tV^uo^ra? ev avrrj, -rpeireraL 7T/9O? epyov ov vofju/jiov ovSe ihrieiKes, a$e\e<j6ai T?}? a/3^7}? TOV 'QKTci/3ioi', a/jLTj-^avoyv a'XXa)? eVa- 3 yayeiv rw vofjiw rrjv tyrj<$>ov. Kai Trputrov fjiev avrov, Xo7ou? re Trpoa-tyepcov i %eipa)i> (iTTTO^evo^, trBovvai TW B/J/JLW BiKaia /JLev a^iouvn, a Be avrl jJLeyd\wv irovwv Kai KivBvvoiv X?^o- . Bi(t>0ov/A€vov Be TOV 'O/CTa/3/ou T^V evrev^iv fe3io? a>? OVK Kai irepl TrpayfjUiTtov fjieydXayv O.TT' avev TOV xpbvov, ev Lafjia TOVTOV fjibvov bpav ecfrij TO 4 TravaaaOai TT)? ap^r^ TOV eTepov. Kai jrepl avTOV <ye TrpoTepov TOV 'OKTaftiov eVeXeutre TU> <£>ov dvaBovvac KaTaftrfcreo-Oat, yap evdvs I , av TOVTO Bo^y rot? TroXt/raj?. TOV Be fj,rj 0e\,ovTo$ auro? e^t] Trepl e/eeivov dvaBa)o~eiv, eav IJLTJ /jieTayvu) /9ofXei/<rayLte^09. XII. Kai Tore fj,ev eVt TOVTOI? Bie\vo~e Trjv 170 TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xi. i-xn. i Manlius and Fulvius, men of consular dignity, fell down before Tiberius, clasped his hands, and with tears besought him to desist. Tiberius, conscious that the future was now all but desperate, and moved by respect for the men, asked them what they would have him do. They replied that they were not competent to advise in so grave a crisis, and urged him with entreaties to submit the case to the senate. To this Tiberius consented. But the senate in its session accomplished nothing, owing to the prevailing influence of the wealthy class in it, and therefore Tiberius resorted to a measure which was illegal and unseemly, the ejection of Octavius from his office ; but he was unable in any other way to bring his law to the vote. In the first place, however, he begged Octavius in public, ad- dressing him with kindly words and clasping his hands, to give in and gratify the people, who demanded only their just rights, and would receive only a trifling return for great toils and perils. But Octavius rejected the petition, and therefore Tiberius, after premising that, since they were colleagues in office with equal powers and differed on weighty measures, it was impossible for them to complete their term of office without open war, said he saw only one remedy for this, and that was for one or the other of them to give up his office. Indeed, he urged Octavius to put to the people a vote on his own case first, promising to retire at once to private life if this should be the will of the citizens. But Octavius was unwilling, and therefore Tiberius declared that he would put the case of Octavius unless Octavius should change his mind upon reflection. XII. With this understanding, he dissolved the 171 PLUTARCH'S LIVES €KK\ricrlav' rfj B' vcrrepaia rov Bij/uov o~vve\0ovro^ avaftas eVl TO /3r//J.a rrd\iv erreiparo rreiOeiv rov 'QtcTdftiov co? Be r]V duerdrreicrros, ela7JveyKe vojjiov dtyaipov^evov avrov rrjv Btj^ap^iav, Kal TOU? TroXtra? ev0v<$ €KaXei Trjv -fyiifyov eTrupepovras. 2 ovcrwv Be irevre KCU rpLaKovra <$>v\wv, co? al BeKa- eTTTa Trjv -^ri)(f)ov eTrevrji'D^eiaav KOL yitm? eri 7rpO(ryevo/j,evy]s eBet TOV ""QKrafiiov IBuarrjv yeve- crdai, KeXevaas e7Tia")(€iv avOis eBelro rov 'O/cTa- (3[ov KCU rcepiefBakev avrov ev o-^rei rov Btj/nov Kal Karrjcrrrd^ero, ~kirrapwv Kal Beo/jLevos /JLi^O' eavrov 830 arijJLOv TreptiBelv ^evofJievov /u-^r' eKeivw /3apeo? ovray /cal (jKvOpwrrov 7ro\irevjjLaros alriav rrpoa- 3 TOVT&V rwv Beijcrewv ov Tra^reXw? arey/crop ovb* drei'r) \eyova~iv aKpodaOai rov Qfcrdfiiov, d\\d Kal BaKpvwv v7ro7ri/jLrr\aa0aL rd o/jL/nara l aiwjrdv errl TTO\VV %povov. a>? p,evroi, TTyoo? U? rr\ovaiov<$ Kal rovs KrrjjAariKovs avvecrrwras Trap eKeiVois dBo^iav vTrocrrrjvai rrdv Beivov OUK ayevvfi)? Kal /ceXeOcrat rrpdrreuv o fiovXerai, rov 4 Tiftepiov. ovrco Brj rov VOJJLOV KVpwOevros o fiev TtiBepios roiv drreXevBepcov rivl TTpoarera^ev drro rov /3///iaro? e\Kvcrai rov 'O/cra/Sto^' expfjTO Be vTniperats drceXevOepois IBiois, Kal rovro rtjv o^riv OiKrporepav rov 'OKraftuov rrapea-^ev e\Koaei>ov 5 7T/90? vjSpiV. 6 Be cS^/uo? €(j)0)p/j,^(7ev avru), Kal rwv rr\ovcriwv avvBpa/jiovrciyv Kal Biaa%6i>rwv ra? ^et/oa?, o aev 'O«Ta/3to? efftoOv] u6\i$ e^aprrayels Kal Biafivywv rbu 6^\ov, olKerrjv Be avrov Trtcrrov 172 TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xn. 1-5 assembly for that day ; but on the following day, after the people had come together, he mounted the rostra and once more attempted to persuade Octavius. When, however, Octavius was not to be persuaded, Tiberius introduced a law depriving him of his tribuneship, and summoned the citizens to cast their votes upon it at once. Now, there were five and thirty tribes, and when seventeen of them had cast their votes, and the addition of one more would make it necessary for Octavius to become a private citizen, Tiberius called a halt in the voting, and again entreated Octavius, embracing and kissing him in the sight of the people, and fervently begging him not to allow himself to be dishonoured, and not to attach to a friend responsibility for a measure so grievous and severe. On hearing these entreaties, we are told, Octavius was not altogether untouched or unmoved ; his eyes filled with tears and he stood silent for a long time. But when he turned his gaze towards the men of wealth and substance who were standing in a body together, his awe of them, as it would seem, and his fear of ill repute among them, led him to take every risk with boldness and bid Tiberius do what he pleased. And so the law was passed, and Tiberius ordered one of his freedmen to drag Octavius from the rostra; for Tiberius used his freedmen as officers, and this made the sight of Octavius dragged along with contumely a more pitiful one. Moreover, the people made a rush at him, and though the men of wealth ran in a body to his assistance and spread out their hands against the crowd, it was with difficulty that Octavius was snatched away and safely rescued from the crowd ; and a trusty servant of his who 173 PLUTARCH'S LIVES earwra CLKOVTOS TOV TlficlOV, Kdl TTO? TOV 66pu/3ov, co? rjaOero ra yivo/j-eva, 7ro\\f) XIII. 'E/e TOVTOV Kvpovrai /j,ev o irepl , aipuvvrcu Be rpet? av&pes eVl rrjv Kai Siavofujv, auro? Tij3epio<s KOL KXau- 8^0? "ATTTTto? o TtevBepos Kai Faio? Tpdy%o<> 6 a8e\^)09, ou Trapaiv OVTOS, d\\a VTTO ^K^TTLWVL 2 ?rpo? No/iavrtav crrparevofj.ei'o^. ravra TOV Tt- ftepiou &ia7rpatap.evov Ka6^ evitTTCLfievov, KCLI TT/DO? TOVTOIS (TT^Vaz/TO? ovceva TOW eirufxivaw, d\\a Tiva, 7re\drr]v avrou, vrpo? itavra bva^e 01 ^vvarol Kai (po/3ou/j.€i>oi TOV Tifiepuov Trjv av- ^t](TLv ev TTJ ftov\f) TrpoeTrrjXdfCL^ov CLVTOV, airov- fievu) fjL.ev, a>? e^o? ecrrtV, etc Brj/jLoaiov ffievjVJjv, 3 OTTCO? e%oi Btave/Jtatv TJJV ^wpav, ov Soyre?, erepcav y avd- \wp.a Be 6/9 kK.d<jTr)v fjftcpav evvea 6/5oXoi)? ra^- at'Te?, elarjyovfjLevov TavTa Ho7T\iou Nacrj/ca /cat 5e6co/coTO? eavTov et? T^P TT/JO? liceivov e etfrepev etefiaLveiv aur?}? avay/ca- 4 'O 6e 877/40$ eri p,a\\ov e^6Ka€TO' Kai (f>i\ov TW TifSepifp TeXevTijcravTos ai TW veKpw p,o^6'f]pwv €7 OTTO fyapiicLKwv avyprjffffeu TOV TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xn. 5-xm. 4 stood in front of his master and protected him, had his eyes torn out, against the protest of Tiberius, who, when he perceived what was going on, ran down with great haste to appease the tumult. XIII. After this the agrarian law was passed, and three men wrere chosen for the survey and distribu- tion of the public land, Tiberius himself, Appius Claudius his father-in-law, and Caius Gracchus his brother, who was not at Rome, but was serving under Scipio in the expedition against Numantia. These measures were carried out by Tiberius quietly and without opposition, and, besides, he procured the election of a tribune in the place of Octavius. The new tribune was not a man of rank or note, but a certain Mucius, a client of Tiberius. The aristocrats, however, who were vexed at these proceedings and feared the growing power of Tiberius, heaped insult upon him in the senate. When he asked for the customary tent at public expense, for his use when dividing up the public land, they would not give it, although other men had often obtained one for less important purposes ; and they fixed his daily allow- ance for expenses at nine obols.1 These things were done on motion of Publius Nasica, who surrendered completely to his hatred of Tiberius. For he was a very large holder of public land, and bitterly resented his being forced to give it up. But the people were all the more inflamed ; and when a friend of Tiberius died suddenly and his body broke out all over with evil spots, they ran in throngs to the man's funeral, crying out that he had been poisoned to death, and they carried the bier them- 1 That is, in Roman money, nine sestertii, equivalent to about twenty pence, or forty cents. 175 PLUTARCH'S LIVES TO evfa Trapecrrr/crav, ov <£auXo)9 v 5 Tijv (frapfia/ceiav bo^avres. eppdyrj yap 6 re/epos /cal Bi€(f)Oop6r(i)V vypwv 7r\i]@os €^€^\vaev, ware a.Trocrfieo'ai TTJV (^Xo^a* KOI <$>epvvT(i)i> a OVK e/caero irplv et? erepov TQTTOV teal TroXXa Trpay/j.arevcrafiei'wv /xo\<? ij-^/aro TO TTVp aVTOU. TT^O? TaVTO, TOU? TTO/VXoi'? €Tt ^oiX\OV 6 Ti/3e/)fo? irapo^vvwv pere/SaXe T^V effOfjra, /cal TGI"? Trat^a? Trpoayaycov eBelro TOV Srjfiov rovrwv /cal eavrov. XIV. 'Evrel Se TOU ^L\o'Too^ ^Arrd\ov ev fj K\rjpovo/jios ejeypaTTTO rov /9acrfXeco? 6 , ev0v$ 6 OTTCO? ra rot? TTJV *\(i)pav Sia\ay%dvov(ri, TWV 2 d<pop/jLijv. Trepl Be TWV TroXeco^, ocrai Tr}? 'Arra- Xou /3acri\6Las rjcrav, ov$€i> €<f)i] rf) avyK\i'jTU) ftov\€vea0aL Trpoaij/ceiv, aXXa TW £>;/xa) yvoo/jirjv TpoQl](TeLV. €K TOVTOV fJid\L(TTa 7TpO(T€- 831 rfj /3ou\fj' Kal Ho/jLirrjios /j,ev d TW Tiftepiay /cal Sia rovro aura) TOP ilepya/j,Tjvbi> TWV (Bacn\LKwv Se&cotcoTa /cal 7rop(f)vpav, 009 yu-t'XXo^rt 3 {3acn\€i>6ti> ev 'Pw/^rj, KotVro9 Be MereXXo9 a>^et- BHT€ TOV Tifiepiov on rov fJLev Trarpos avrov 176 TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xm. 4-xiv. 3 selves, and stood by at the last ceremonies. And their suspicions of poison were thought to be not without reason. For the dead body burst open and a great quantity of corrupt humours gushed forth, so that the Hame of the funeral pyre was extinguished. And when fresh fire was brought, again the body would not burn, until it was carried to another place, where, after much trouble, the fire at last took hold of it. Upon this, Tiberius, that he might exasperate the multitude still more, put on a garb of mourning, brought his children before the assembly, and begged the people to care for them and their mother, saying that he despaired of his own life. XIV. And now Attalus Philometor died,1 and Eudemus of Pergamum brought to Rome the king's last will and testament, by which the Roman people was made his heir. At once Tiberius courted popular favour by bringing in a bill which provided that the money of King Attalus, when brought to Rome, should be given to the citizens who received a parcel of the public land, to aid them in stocking and tilling their farms. And as regarded the cities which were included in the kingdom of Attalus, he said it did not belong to the senate to deliberate about them, but he himself would submit a pertinent resolution to the people. By this proceeding he gave more offence than ever to the senate ; and Pompeius, rising to speak there, said that he was a neighbour of Tiberius, and therefore knew that Eudemus of Pergamum had presented Tiberius with a royal diadem and purple robe, believing that lie was going to be king in Rome. Moreover, Quintus Metellus upbraided Tiberius with the reminder that whenever 1 In 133 B.C. '77 PLUTARCH'S LIVES TlfJLrjTCVOVTOS, QGCLKIS aVCi\VOl /J,6Ta BctTTVOV OUCaBe, ra (fra)Ta KaTea/Bevvvcrav oi 7ro\lrat, fjir] TTOppcoTepw TOV ueTpiov Bo^coa-iv ev elvai KOI 7TOTOJ9, TOVTW Be Trapatyaivovai VVKTOS oi OpaovTdToi teal aTropdiTaroi, TWV SrjjjLOTWv 4 TITO? 8' "Avvios, OVK €7rieiKr)S {lev ovSe crcocfrpcov , ev Se \6yoi<f vrpo? ra? cpwrt^aei^ real diroKpicreis a/za^o? eivai &OKWV, ei? opiajjiov Tiva Trpov/caXelTO TOV Tiftepiov, r) yJr]v iepov OVTCL i a&vXov €K ro)v vofjiwv rjri/jLcoKevai TOV crvvdp- Oopvftovvruiv Be vroXXw^ e/CTT^^^o'a? 6 TOV re ^r)fjiov Gvi>eKii\ei KOL rbv "Avviov 5 a%0fjvat KeXeucra? e(3ov\ero KanyyopeLV. 6 Be /cal TO) \OJ(f> KOI TT) Bofyj TTOXU XefTTOyLteZ^O? 6i? eavrov Beii'OTtjTa KareBvero, fcal 7rap€K(i\ei Trpo T03V Xojcov diroKpivaaOaL TOV Tiftepiov. <rvy- %a) povvTOS Be epwTav e/ceivov /cal aKoirrfi <y^vofjLein^ elrrev o "Avvios, "*Av crv fj.ev UTI/JLOVV fie (3ov\r) KOI TrpOTnjXafci&iv, €700 Be Tiva TU>V awv eiriKa- \eao)/j,at crvvap^ovTcov, 6 Be avaftr) fio^Q^crwv, av Be opyicrO'fjs, a pa ye avTOv TVJV dpj(rjv d(^aipi]o"rj;^ 6 7T/30? ravTiyv \€jeTai r^v epu>Tr)criv ovra) BiaTro- pTt6r]vaL TOV Tiftepiov ware irdvrwv b'vra /cal TO \ejeiv eToi/LLOTaTov /cal TO Oappelv i XV. Tore [lev ovv BieXvcre rrjv efCfeX/rjcriav aladavofJievo^ Be TMV 7ro\iTev/jidT(i)i> TO rrepl TOV 'Q/CTafitov ov Tot? BvvaTols fj.6vov, d\\a Kal TO?? eKTraOeaTepov (fAeya <ydp TI fcal /ca\bv 178 TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xiv. 3-xv. i his father, during his censorship, was returning home after a supper, the citizens put out their lights, for fear they might be thought to be indulging immoder- ately in entertainments and drinking bouts, whereas Tiberius himself was lighted on his way at night by the neediest and most reckless of the populace. Titus Annius, too, a man of no high character or sobriety, but held to be invincible in arguments carried on by question and answer, challenged Tiberius to a judicial wager,1 solemnly asserting that he had branded with infamy his colleague, who was sacred and inviolable by law. As many senators applauded this speech, Tiberius dashed out of the senate-house, called the people together, and ordered Annius to be brought before them, with the intention of denouncing him. But Annius, who was far inferior to Tiberius both in eloquence and in reputation, had recourse to his own particular art, and called upon Tiberius to answer a few questions before the argument began. Tiberius assented to this and silence was made, whereupon Annius said : " If thou wish to heap insult upon me and degrade me, and I invoke the aid of one of thy colleagues in office, and he mount the rostra to speak in my defence, and thou fly into a passion, come, wilt thou deprive that colleague of his office ? ' At this question, we are told, Tiberius was so disconcerted that, although he was of all men most ready in speech and most vehement in courage, he held his peace. XV. For the present, then, he dissolved the assembly ; but perceiving that the course he had taken with regard to Octavius was very displeasing, not only to the nobles, but also to the multitude (for 1 Cf. the Goto Major ) xxii. 5. 179 PLUTARCH'S LIVES TO TWV ^rjjjiap^wv d^twua uexpi rfjs r; BiaTerrjp^aevov dvyprjcrOai, /cal /ca0v/3pi- adai}, \6yov kv TU> S)j/aca &ie%ri\6ev, ov /un/cpd TWV €7TL^€ipr)/jidTwv OVK CLTOTTOV rjv, wcrre V7rovor)0rjvai ir]V iriBavQiriTa teal TTVKVQ- 2 TTjra rov av$pb<$. €(f»j jap lepov TOV ^rjfJLap^ov elvai teal dcrv\ov, on rw SIJ/HM KaQwalwiai /cal rov Sijfiov Trpo^a-rrjKev. av ovv yu,era/3aA,OyU.e^o9 TOV Stj/jLov dSi/cfj teal TTJV la^vv Ko\ovy real Trapaiprai TTJV ty>)<f)ov, auro? eavrov 3 r/}? T^/AT}? €</>' ol? eXafiev ov TTOLWV eVet /cal TO K.a7r6T(t)\tov KaTacTKaTTTOvra /cal TO vewpiov e'/i.- TmrpdvTa Sij/juapxov lav Ser/crei. KOI ravra TOV orjuov, ov Srjaapxos ecrTt. TTW? ovv ov <$eivoi> el TOV u.ev inraTov 6 S^aap^o^; a^et, TOV oe &>j/jiap)£ov OVK dfiaiprjcreTai TTJV egou- aiav 6 8?5/xo9 oTav avTrj Kara TOV /cal jap vjraTov /cal 4 6fjboid)<i 6 ^T/yito? aipelTat. /cal ^v ij <ye ftacrikeia 7r/)O9 TW Trao~av dp^rjv ex,€lv ^v £aVTf) o~v\\a- ftovcra /cal Tat? /teyio-Tcu? iepovpyiats /ca0a)o~La)Tai 7T/90? TO Oeiov d\\a Tap/cvvtov e^e^a\ev dSi/covvTa, /cal 6Y ez-'o? dvSpbs vftpw r; /cal ajiov ev 'Poiar) /cal aefjivov 005 al rrovcrai rrapdevoi /cal (f)v\dTTovo~ai, TO Trvp; d\\' el TIS av dadprrj avT&v, 180 TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xv. 1-4 it was thought that the high and honourable dignity of the tribunate, so carefully guarded up to that time, had been insulted and destroyed), he made a lengthy speech before the people, a few of the arguments of which it will not be out of place to lay before the reader, that he may get a conception of the man's subtlety and persuasiveness. A tribune, he said, was sacred and inviolable, because he was consecrated to the people and was a champion of the people. " If, then," said Tiberius, "he should change about, wrong the people, maim its power, and rob it of the privilege of voting, he has by his own acts deprived himself of his honourable office by not fulfilling the conditions on which he received it ; for otherwise there would be no interference with a tribune even though he should try to demolish the Capitol or set fire to the naval arsenal. If a tribune does these things, he is a bad tribune ; but if he annuls the power of the people, he is no tribune at all. Is it not, then, a monstrous thing that a tribune should have power to hale a consul to prison, while the people cannot deprive a tribune of his power when he employs it against the very ones who bestowed it ? For consul and tribune alike are elected by the people. And surely the kingly office, besides comprehending in itself every civil function, is also consecrated to the Deity by the performance of the most solemn religious rites ; and yet Tarquin was expelled by the city for his wrong-doing, and because of one man's insolence the power which had founded Rome and descended from father to son was overthrown. Again, what institution at Rome is so holy and venerable as that of the virgins who tend and watch the undying fire ? And yet if one of these VOL. x. r. 181 PLUTARCH'S LIVES pvcrarerai' TO yap aav\ov ov <f)v\aTTOvcriv dcre- ftovcrai ei? rot? Qeovs, o Bid TOU? #eoi/9 e^ovcnv. 5 OVKOVV ovBe 8?;yu,a^o9 dSiKwv TOV Brj/jiov1 e^eiv Trjv Bid roi> Brjfiov auv\iav ftiKaios eariv fj yap ravTrjv avaipel. KCU fji^v el Si- rr/v ov)(l KCLV 6 SiKaiorepov Tracrwv airo"^ir]<^L(Ta[j.evu>v; iepov $e 832 teal a&vXov ov$€V OUTGO? earlv a>? ra TWV 6ewv %pr)a0ai Be rouTOt? /col Kivelv /3ov\erai,, TOV &r}/j, \VK€V. €%r)i> ovv avTW Kal Triv avddrjfjia /^ereveyKelv a? eTepov. OTI £>e OVK acrv\ov ovBe i avrwv. XVI. ToiavTa fiev r}V Ta K€<pd\aia T^? TOV ^LKaLO\oyia^. eVet Be avvopwvTes ol ra? aTrefXa? KOI T?)V GVGTCLGIV GO'OZ/TO Selv ere/oa? TtzpikyecrQcii &rnj.ap-)(ia<s €t? TO JJL€\\OV> av0i<; aXXot? VO/JLOIS di>6\d/ji/3ai>6 TO TrX^^o?, TOU T€ xpovov TWV (TTpaTeiwv dtyaipwv, teal BiBovs €TUKa\€icr0ai TOV Bfj/jiov diro TCOV &iKacrT&v, KOL TOt? KplVOVGL TOT€, CTVyKXy^TlKOL^ OV&1, KttTa- 2 /juyvvs €K TMV iTTTrewv TOV iaov dpiO/jbov, Kal /3oiA,7}? TTJV lo")(yv KO\OVU>V Cobet : STJ/J.OV. 182 TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xv. 4-xvi. 2 breaks her vows, she is buried alive ; for when they sin against the gods, they do not preserve that invio- lable character which is given them for their service to the gods. Therefore it is not just that a tribune who wrongs the people should retain that inviolable character which is given him for service to the people, since he is destroying the very power which is the source of his own power. And surely, if it is right for him to be made tribune by a majority of the votes of the tribes, it must be even more right for him to be deprived of his tribuneship by a unanimous vote. And again, nothing is so sacred and inviolate as objects consecrated to the gods ; and yet no one has hindered the people from using such objects, or moving them, or changing their position in such manner as may be desired. It is therefore permis- sible for the people to transfer the tribunate also, as a consecrated thing, from one man to another. And that the office is not inviolable or irremovable is plain from the fact that many times men holding it resign it under oath of disability, and of their own accord beg to be relieved of it." XVI. Such were the chief points in the justifica- tion of his course which Tiberius made. And now his friends, observing the threats and the hostile combination against him, thought that he ought to be made tribune again for the following year. Once more, therefore, Tiberius sought to win the favour of the multitude by fresh laws, reducing the time of military service, granting appeal to the people from the verdicts of the judges, adding to the judges, wrho at that time were composed of senators only, an equal number from the equestrian order, and in every way at length trying to maim the power of the senate PLUTARCH'S LIVES Trpo? opyrjv Kal fyiXoveiKiav fj,a\\ov YI rov rov BlKaiOV Kal O~Vfji<j)€pOVrO^ \OyLO~fJLOV. CTTcl B€ T?}? frepo/jievijs rjcrOovro TOI>? evavrlov? Kpa- (ou yap 7rap>jv a?ra? 6 £>}yu,o?), rrpuirov rov ^povov eTreira rrji> 3 et? rr]V vcrrepaiav airavrav KeXevcravres. Trpwrov p,ev 6t? ri]v dyopav Kcna/3a<; 6 IK€T6V€ TOU? aV0p(t)7TOVS TCtTTeLVOS Kal eirena $e$oiK€vat (frija'as /JLIJ VVKTOS ol/eiav ol e^dpol Kal $ia<$>9eL avrov, ovro) TOU? dv@p(i)7rovs Sie&rjKev Mare oiKiav avrov Tra/ATroXXoi'? rtvas l SiavvKrepev&ai rrapafyvXdrrovras. XVIT. "A/ia 6' rjjAepa rraprjv 6 ra? opviQas \ 7rpoe/3a\\€ al & ov rrporfkOov, el /JLTJ yuta /jLovrf, Bia- &el<javro<$ ev fid\a rov dvOpwrrov TO dyyelov ov&e avrrf Be TT}? rpo<f)r)s eOiyev, aX,V errdpacra rr)V dpLcrrepdv Trrepvya Kal Trapareivaaa TO <r/ce'Xo? Trd\iv et? TO dyyelov Karefyvye. rouro Kal rov Trporepov arrj/jueiov rov TL/3eptov dve/J-vrjaev. 2 771^ yap avru> eKirpeTrws Kal Sidcrrj/jiov et? rovro oc^et? e\,adov evreKovres wd, Kal ravra e%ey\v^ravro. Bio Kal fjid\\ov o Ti/Sepios Tot? rrepl Ta? opvL9a<$ erapdrrero. rrporjei Be o/AO)?, dvu) rov Brjfjiov t]Opola6aL rrepl TO 3 \LOV 7rvv9av6fj,evos' Kal rrplv e%e\6elv Taicre rrpos rov ovBov, cr<f)oBpd<> ovrco were rov fjiev ovvya rov fieyd\ov BaK- 184 TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xvi. 2-xvn. 3 from motives of anger and contentiousness rather than from calculations of justice and the public good. And when, as the voting was going on, the friends of Tiberius perceived that their opponents were getting the better of the contest, since all the people were not present, in the first place they resorted to abuse of his fellow tribunes, and so protracted the time ; next, they dismissed the assembly, and ordered that it should convene on the following day. Then Tiberius, going down into the forum, at first suppli- cated the citizens in a humble manner and with tears in his eyes ; next, he declared he was afraid that his enemies would break into his house by night and kill him, and thereby so wrought upon his hearers that great numbers of them took up their station about his house and spent the night there on guard. XVII. At break of day there came to the house the man who brought the birds with which auspices are taken, and threw food before them. But the birds would not come out of the cage, with the exception of one, though the keeper shook the cage right hard ; and even the one that came out would not touch the food, but raised its left wing, stretched out its leg, and then ran back into the cage. This reminded Tiberius of an omen that had happened earlier. He had a helmet which he wore in battle, exceptionally adorned and splendid ; into this ser- pents crawled unnoticed, laid eggs there and hatched them out. For this reason Tiberius was all the more disturbed by the signs from the birds. But nevertheless he set out, on learning that the people were assembled on the Capitol ; and before he got out of the house, he stumbled against the threshold. The blow was so severe that the nail of his great toe 185 PLUTARCH'S LIVES TV\OV payrjvai, TO Be cu^a Sia TOV V (frepea'dai. uiKpov Be ainov 7rpoe\66vTO<; t]crav virep Kepd^ov /j.a'^o/j.evoi, Kupatces ev real TTO\\WV, w? el/cos, dvOpajrrcov rrap- ep%ouei>MV, /car' avrov TOV Tifiepiov \iOo<z aTTwaOeis VTTU Oarepov TOW KopuKwv eirecre irapa TOV TroSa. TOVTO Kal TOVS 6 pa&VTaTovs Ton> Trepl 4 avrov eTrearaev a\\a 13\,ocrcrfo? o 7rapa)i> acr^vvrjv erj Ka Ka-rijeLav av evai 7ro\\r)V el /cai'ov 8e rov 'Ptofiaicov Brj/Aov, Kopa/ca Setcra? ov% vTratcov- aeie rot? TroXtra^? KaXovor TOVTO [JLZVTOI TO ov OVK ev <ye\wTL O/jaecrOaL TOVI e%0pov<j, a)? TvpavvovvTos Kal TpvtywvTos rjBrj xara- 5 fiorjaeddai TT/JO? TOV orj/jiov. ap.a 8e Kal rrpoaedeov 7ro\\ol TO) Tifiepico rrapa TO)V ev , errei'jeaOai tce\evovTe<;, <w? TW wv. Kal TO. *ye Trpwra Aa/zTr/ow? drn'/VTa TV) '\\ftepiM, (fravevTi aev ev6u$ dpa/nei'wv ftorjv oe Kal Trepl avTov, a>? /jLTjtels TreXdcreiev rrapaTaTTouevojv. XVIII. 'Ap£a/ji€vov Be Ttd\iv TOV ra? ^uXa? dvayopeveiv, ov&ev eVepatero TWV 832 elw6oTd)v &ta TOV CITTO TWV ea^dTwv dopv/jov, u>0ov/j.evwv Kal a>OovvTwv TOU? evavTLovs elcrfiia- Kal dva/jiiyvv^evov^. ev Be TOVTO) <&ov\- rro ov^ avr^p et? OVK 1 b.v flvai Cobet and P'uhr : 1 86 TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xvn. 3-xviii. i was broken and the blood ran out through his shoe. He had gone on but a little way when ravens were seen fighting on the roof of a house to his left hand ; and though there were many people, as was natural, passing by, a stone dislodged by one of the ravens fell at the foot of Tiberius himself. This caused even the boldest of his followers to pause; but Blossius of Cumae, who was present, said it would be a shame and a great disgrace if Tiberius, a son of Gracchus, a grandson of Scipio Africanus, and a champion of the Roman people, for fear of a raven should refuse to obey the summons of his fellow citizens ; such shameful conduct, moreover, would not be made a mere matter of ridicule by his enemies, but they would decry him to the people as one who was at last giving himself the airs of a tyrant. At the same time also many of his friends on the Capitol came running to Tiberius with urgent appeals to hasten thither, since matters there were going well. And in fact things turned out splendidly for Tiberius at first; as soon as he came into view the crowd raised a friendly shout, and as he came up the hill they gave him a cordial wel- come and ranged themselves about him, that no stranger might approach. XVIII. But after Mucius began once more to sum- mon the tribes to the vote, none of the customary forms could be observed because of the disturbance that arose on the outskirts of the throng, where there was crowding back and forth between the friends of Tiberius and their opponents, who were striving to force their way in and mingle with the rest. Moreover, at this juncture Fulvius Flaccus, a senator, posted himself in a conspicuous place, and since it was impossible to make his voice heard so 187 PLUTARCH'S LIVES TJ; %etpt fypdcraL TL /3ov\6/jLevov avTov 2 IBia TW Tiftepifp. Kal KeXeva-avTos eteeivov Bia- TO 7rXf;$o?, dvaftas /^oXi? KCU irpO(re\0wv OTI T/?<? {3ov\fjs a-vyKaOe^o^evrj^ ol 7T\OV(JIOI, TOV VTTCLTOV /JilJ 7T£t^O^T£?, CLVTol Sld- voovvrai Ka9* avrovs airoKiivvvvai TOV Ti/Bepiov, TroXXoi)? errl TOVTO SovXovs Kal (i\ovs &)7rXt- XIX. 'H? ovv Tavra rot? rrepl CIVTOV fyei\ev 6 Tifiepios, OVTOI JJLCV evOvs ra? re Tij/3ev- vovs Trepie^ctivvvvTO, Kal TO, TWV vTnipeTwv oopaTa GvyK\wvTes ol? dveipyovcri TOV o^Xov, Sie\d/j,- fiavov a)? d/jLVVGv/jievoi rot? K\d(T^aai TOL/? ejrep- 2 ^oyLieVou?. T0)v $€ aTTCOTepo) Oavfjia^ovTwv TO, lyivofjisva, Kal Trvv6avop,evwv, o rfj X€tP^ T^? *e(/)a^-'}<>> evBeuevv KIV&VVOV, eVel rr}? (f)(0vr)s OVK CTT^KOVOV. ol 8e evavrioi TOVTO iSo^re? e8eov Trpos TTJV /3oi;X?;y, aTrayye'XXozre? alTelv SidBj^a TOV Tifiepiov Kal TOVTOV cn]fjielov eivai TO T?}? A-e^>aX>}? €TriQiyyd- 3 ^6f^. TrdvTes p-ev ovv etfopv/SijOrjaav 6 Be Na- cri/ca? r)%Lov TOV VTraTov Ty TroXei fiorjOeiv Kal KaTa\veiv TOV Tvpavvov. aTTOKpivaaevov Be irpdw^ eKeivov /Bias fjiev ovoe/HLas VTrdp^eiv ovoe dvaip/j- creiv ovoeva TWV TTO\ITWV aKpiTov, el /^evroi •^nrjcfrio-aiTO TL TWV TrapavofJiwv o Br/uos VTTO TOV Tifieptov TreicrOels rj /3iao-0ei$, TOVTO Kvpiov ^ v, dvaTrriBrja-as 6 Nacrf/ca?, " 'E-Tra TOLVVV" , " TrpoBioaxTiv 6 ap^wv TIJV Tr6\iv, ol {3ov\Q- 188 TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xvm. i-xix. 3 far, indicated with his hand that he wished to tell Tiberius something meant for his ear alone. Tiberius ordered the crowd to part for Flavins, who made his way up to him with difficulty, and told him that at a session of the senate the party of the rich, since they could not prevail upon the consul to do so, were purposing to kill Tiberius themselves, and for this purpose had under arms a multitude of their friends and slaves. XIX. Tiberius, accordingly, reported this to those who stood about him, and they at once girded up their togas, and breaking in pieces the spear-shafts with which the officers keep back the crowd, distri- buted the fragments among themselves, that they might defend themselves against their assailants. Those who were farther off, however, wondered at what was going on and asked what it meant. Where- upon Tiberius put his hand to his head, making this visible sign that his life was in danger, since the questioners could not hear his voice. But his opponents, on seeing this, ran to the senate and told that body that Tiberius was asking for a crown ; and that his putting his hand to his head was a sign having that meaning. All the senators, of course, were greatly disturbed, and Nasica demanded that the consul should come to the rescue of the state and put down the tyrant. The consul replied with mild- ness that he would resort to no violence and would put no citizen to death without a trial ; if, however, the people, under persuasion or compulsion from Tiberius, should vote anything that was unlawful, he would not regard this vote as binding. There- upon Nasica sprang to his feet and said : " Since, then, the chief magistrate betrays the state, do ye 189 PLUTARCH'S LIVES 4 fievoi roi? vo/jiois ftorjOelv aKo\ov6elTe." Kal Tavra \cywv a^a /cal TO KpacnreBov TOV i/Aariov Oe/jievos errl TT}? K€(f>a\i]<;t e^copei 77/909 TO Kavre- Tci)\iov. e/cacrTOS Be T-WV eTro/jLei'cov avrw Trj ov&evos evL(TTap.evov rrpos TO d£iwjj.a TMV d dXXa (frewyovTMV KOL TraTovvTwv aAA?;Aof?. O/ yu-ez^ ot'^ Trepl CLVTOVS p6rra\a /cal €KO/JLI^OV olKoOev avrol Be TWV &i$pu>v v VTTO TOV (frevyovTO? o)(\ov TO, K\dfffjiaTa l TOU? TroSa? \a/j,{3dvoi>Te<; dveftaivov eVt TOV Tifiepiov, ci/jia TraiovTes rou9 irpoTeTay^evov^ KUi TOVTWV /JL€V T)V TpOTTT) Kal </)0^0?' ttVTOV B€ TOV Ti^epiov (frevyovTOS dvTe\d/3eTo Ti? TWV 6 o Se Trji> Tr)(3evvov a</>ei9 Kal fyevywv ev ^iTMdLV eff(j)d\r) Kal KaTrjvi^Ori irepi TLVCIS rrpo avTov TrerrTcoKOTas. dviaTdfjievov 8e avTov o jiev eLta^co9 KCLI l Sicfrp ov di>Te7roi€LTo . TWV Be aXXwv airkQavov vrrep Tpia- Be XX. Tavrrjv Trpu>Tt]v icrTOpovaiv ev 'Pw/jirj crra- GLV, dfi ov TO /3aai\ei>€(T0ai KaTeXvaav, Be OVTC Trep f aXX;;Xoi9, c/^oySw {lev ol BvvaTol TCOV TTO\- \a)V, aiBovjuevoi Be TVJV ftov\r)V 6 Br)/no<$, erravov. Be Kal Tore firj ^aXe7r&>9 av evBovvai rrapr)- 190 TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xix. 4-xx. i who wish to succour the laws follow me." With these words he covered his head with the skirt of his toga and set out for the Capitol. All the senators wrho followed him wrapped their togas about their left arms and pushed aside those who stood in their path, no man opposing them, in view of their dignity, but all taking to flight and trampling upon one another. Now, the attendants of the senators carried clubs and staves which they had brought from home ; but the senators themselves seized the fragments and legs of the benches that were shattered by the crowd in its flight, and went up against Tiberius, at the same time smiting those who were drawn up to protect him. Of these there was a rout and a slaughter ; and as Tiberius himself turned to fly, someone laid hold of his garments. So he let his toga go and fled in his tunic. But he stumbled and fell to the ground among some bodies that lay in front of him. As he strove to rise to his feet, he received his first blow, as everybody admits, from Publius Satyreius, one of his colleagues, who smote him on the head with the leg of a bench ; to the second blow claim was made by Lucius Rufus, who p!umed himself upon it as upon some noble deed. And of the rest more than three hundred were slain by blows from sticks and stones, but not one by the sword. XX. This is said to have been the first sedition at Rome, since the abolition of royal power, to end in bloodshed and the death of citizens; the rest, though neither trifling nor raised for trifling objects, were settled by mutual concessions, the nobles yielding from fear of the multitude, and the people out of respect for the senate. And it was thought that even 191 PLUTARCH'S LIVES ryopr)0el<; 6 Ttftepios, eTt, Be paov el%ai Bi^a (f>6vov 2 Kal Tpav^aTwv eTriovcriv ov <yap 7rXeioi>e? 77 Tpio")(i\ioi Trepl avrbv rjaav. a\\ eoifcev opyfj TCOV TT\OV<jiu>V Kal /JLLCT61 7T\eOV >} &l a? €CT/C?/7r- TOVTO Trodcreis r crvcnacris eV avrov /ecu TOVTOV /neya re/c/jujpiov w/uw? real o veicpos. ov 'yap eTrerpe^av avekeaOai 834 TO crcoyua TM d8e\(j)(0 Beouevw KOL Od-fy d\\d yLtera rwv a\\a>i' veKpwv et? TOV v. fcal TOVTO Trepan ovx rjv, d\\a Kal TWV aurov TOL/9 fJiev e^efcjjpvrrov a/cptrou?, TOU? Be crvX\.a/jL/3dvovT€<; d-jreKTLvvvcrav' ev ol? teal o ptJTCop aTrcoXeTO. Ydiov Be rtva et? dyyelov Ka6eip%avres Kal \OVT€<; e^t'Sfa? /cal BpaKOVTas ovrw o Be Kuyaato? BXocrcrio? dvrj^Or) fjiev eVl rou? L»7raTou9, epcoTco/jievos Be Trepl TWV ^eyovoTwv GD/jiO\6<yei TreTTOiriKevai nrdvra Tiftepiov /ce\evovros. 4 etVo^ro? Be TOV Nacr</ca TTyOo? avrov, " Ti ovv, el ere Tifiepto? eiceXevcrev euTrprjcrai TO Ka7reTa>)uoi>; ' TO f^ev Trpayrov dvreXeyev a>? OVK av rovro TV/3e- piov Ke\evcravTos' TroXXaVt? Be Kal TTO\\WI> TO auTO TrvvOavofjievtoVy " 'AXX* CKCLVOV ye Trpoardcr- <roz'TO?," etyr), " Kafjiol TOVTO irpd^ai KO\MS el%€v ov yap av Tifiepios TOVTO 7rpoo~eTa%ev, el fir) TU> Bi]fj,r*> avvetpepev." OVTOS jmev ovv Bia(f)v>ya)v ucrre- 192 TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xx. r-4 on this occasion Tiberius would have given way without difficulty had persuasion been brought to bear upon him, and would have yielded still more easily if his assailants had not resorted to wounds and bloodshed ; for his adherents numbered not more than three thousand. But the combination against him would seem to have arisen from the hatred and anger of the rich rather than from the pretexts which they alleged ; and there is strong proof of this in their lawless and savage treatment of his dead body. For they would not listen to his brother's request that he might take up the body and bury it by night, but threw it into the river along with the other dead. Nor was this all ; they banished some of his friends without a trial and others they arrested and put to death. Among these Diophanes the rhetorician also perished. A certain Caius Villius they shut up in a cage, and then put in vipers and serpents, and in this way killed him. Blossius of Cumae was brought before the consuls, and when he was asked about what had passed, he admitted that he had done everything at the bidding of Tiberius. Then Nasica said to him, " What, then, if Tiberius had ordered thee to set fire to the Capitol? " Blossius at first replied that Tiberius would not have given such an order ; but when the same question was put to him often and by many persons, he said : " If such a man as Tiberius had ordered such a thing, it would also have been right for me to do it ; for Tiberius would not have given such an order if it had not been for the interest of the people." l Well, then, Blossius was acquitted, and afterwards went to 1 For the story of Blossius, cf. Cicero, De am, 11. 37; Valerius Maximus, iv. 7. 1. 193 PLUTARCH'S LIVES pov torero 7rpo9 'ApiaroviKOv et? ^Kaiav, KOL TWV eiceivov Trpay^drwv Sia(f)0apevTtt>v eavTov dvel\ev. XXI. 'H Be /3ofXr; OepaTreuovcra TOV STJ/AOV etc TrapovTwv ovre TT/JO? TTJV Siavo/jirjv en TT}? -tjvavnovTo, KCLI avrl TOV Tiftepiov Trpou- Orj/ce rot? 7roXXo?9 opLcrrrjv e\€a~0ai. \ajSovTe<s &€ ra<? 'fyrjfyovs ei'Xovro TlorrXiov ^paaaov, oltcelov QWTCL rpdy^fo" Ovydr^p yap avrov KiKivvia Vaiw Y payday awco/cei. Kairoi NeVco? 6 }Lopvij/Xi6<i (f)Tjo-iv ov K.pd<T(Tov, B/jouTou 8e TOV dpia/ji/Sev- cravTQS diro KvcriTavwv OvyaTepa yr^jiai Ydiov d\\a ol TrXet'ou? co? TJ/JLCLS ypa^o/.iev icrTopovcnv. eVet 8e ^aXeTrw? [JLCV o STJ/JLOS el%e TM TOV Ttfieptov Kai (pavepbs r/v a^vv Kdipov, ij&ij &e KOI Bi/cac TU) Nacri/ca rrpoave- , BeLcracra irepl TOV dvSpos rj /Bov\^ /j.r/$ev Beo/jievr) Tr&^Tceiv CLVTOV els ' 3 ov yap aTretcpviTTOVTO KCLTO, ra9 aTravT^crei^ ol avOpwTTOi Trfv &v(T/j.ei>€tav, aXX' e^yptaivomo KCU KaT€/36a>v orrov TrpocTTv^oiev, evayri KOI Tvpavvov Kai /jLe/AiayfcoTa <$)ov(p crfo/uaro? davXov KOL tepov TO ayi(i)Ta,Tov KOL (ppiKCtiBea-TaTOV ei> lepoyv aTTOKakovvTes. OVTW /nev 'JraTua? 6 Nacrt/ca?, tcaiTrep evBeSe/nevos iepovpytais" ijv yap 6 yuey^crro? iepewv. e^a> Be u\vwv KCU ov yuera TTO\VV %povo 4 Trepl TLepya/j,ov. ov Bel Se 6avfjL,d^eiv el 194 TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xx. 4-xxi. 4 Anstonicus1 in Asia, and when the cause of Aristo- nicus was lost, slew himself. XXI. But the senate, trying to conciliate the people now that matters had gone so far, no longer opposed the distribution of the public land, and proposed that the people should elect a commissioner in place of Tiberius. So they took a ballot and elected Publius Crassus, who was a relative of Gracchus ; for his daughter Licinia was the wife of Caius Gracchus. And yet Cornelius Nepos 2 says that it was not the daughter of Crassus, but of the Brutus who triumphed over the Lusitanians, whom Caius married ; the majority of writers, however, state the matter as I have done. Moreover, since the people felt bitterly over the death of Tiberius and were clearly awaiting an opportunity for revenge, and since Nasica was already threatened with prose- cutions, the senate, fearing for his safety, voted to send him to Asia, although it had no need of him there. For when people met Nasica, they did not try to hide their hatred of him, but grew savage and cried out upon him wherever he chanced to be, calling him an accursed man and a tyrant, who had defiled with the murder of an inviolable and sacred person the holiest and most awe-inspiring of the city's sanctu- aries. And so Nasica stealthily left Italy, although he was bound there by the most important and sacred functions ; for he was pontifex maximus. He roamed and wandered about in foreign lands ignominiouslv. fj CJ * - and after a short time ended his life at Pergamum. Now, it is no wonder that the people so much hated 1 The pretender to the throne of Attains Philometor (xiv. 1). He was defeated and taken prisoner by the Romans in 130 B.o. 2 In a lost biography. 195 PLUTARCH'S LIVES OUTft)? 6 Sij/JLOS, 07TOV KOL ^KrjTTiWV 6 os, ov BoKovai 'Pco/j-aloL /nrjSeva SiKat,6- repov fj-i^Se fjLO\\ov dyaTTtjcrai, Trapd /JUKpov t}\0ev efCTrecrelv KOL arepecrOai. T/}? TT/^O? rov S))/JLOV eu- i/ot'a?, ort TTpcorov fjiev ev No^a^rta rr;^ T€\€VTrjv rov Tifiepiov TTV& '6/Lte^o? uvefyatvrjcrev etc a>? U7r6\oiro KCU aAAo? o Ti9 TOtavrd ye pe^ot, 5 eVetra TWV Trepl Tdlov KOI QovX/Biov avrov St* eV«-X?/cr/a? Trvv6avo[Jiei'u>v ri typovoiri Trepl rr}? Ti/Bepiov TeXefT/}9, OUA: dpea-KO/jievrjv Tot? uvr' exelvov 7reTro\iTcv}jLei>ots drroKpia-iv e&wKev. etc TOVTOV jap 6 {Jiev Sr/yu,o9 avTeicpovcrev aury Xe- yovri, yu^Se7T&> TOVTO 7TO£>/cra? Trporepov, av-os Be TOV &r]/j.ov elrrelv Ara/ca)? TrpOTfyOrj. Trepl p.ev TOVTWV ev Tft> *2,Kr)7ri(Di>os fiiw ra icaQ* efcaara r. I. Fai'o? ^e F/oay^o? eV dp^y fiev rj TOU? €ov$ ?) ovov crvv<wv e avrovs ecrnj re r^? dyopas KCU tcaO' eavrov Sterpi/Sev, w? av Ti? ev re T&> Trapovrt, a Trpdrrwv Kal TO \OLTTOV OI/TW? aTrpay- /Siwcro/xe^o?, wcrre Aral \oyov Ticrl Ka@' 835 aurov Trapacr^etv co? &va"%epaivovTO<; Kal 2 (3\r)iJLGvov rrjv TOV Tifiepiov TroXtreta^. 196 TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, xxi. 4-5 Nasica, when even Scipio Africanus, than whom no one would seem to have been more justly or more deeply loved by the Romans, came within a little of forfeiting and losing the popular favour because, to begin with, at Numantia, when he learned of the death of Tiberius, he recited in a loud voice the verse of Homer1 : — " So perish also all others who on such wickedness venture," and because, in the second place, when Caius and Fulvius asked him in an assembly of the people what he thought about the death of Tiberius, he made a reply which showed his dislike of the measures advocated by him. Consequently the people began to interrupt him as he was speaking, a thing which they had never done beforehand Scipio himself was thereby led on to abuse the people. Of these matters I have written circumstantially in my Life of Scipio.2 CAIUS GRACCHUS I. Caius Gracchus, at first, either because he feared his enemies, or because he wished to bring odium upon them, withdrew from the forum and lived quietly by himself, like one who was humbled for the present and for the future intended to live the same inactive life, so that some were actually led to denounce him for disliking and repudiating his brother's political measures. And he was also 1 Odyssey, L 47 (Athena, of Aegisthus). 8 One of the lost biographies. 197 V PLUTARCH'S LIVES fjLeiparciov IT av~ a^ acnw evvea yap Ta£e\(f)ov KaO' rjXiKLav, etceivos Be OVTTW rpidfcovra yeyovoos drreOavev. errel Be irpolovTos TOV xpovov TOV re Tporrov rjO'V'^rj Biefiaivev dpyias Kal /u,aXa/aa? KCLL TTOTWV KOI ^pt]/jLaTio-fj.MV d\\6- rpiov ovra, KCLL TOV \oyov &<nrep Ka.TacrKeva'Cop.ei'O'S eVt T^V iro\.LTeiav 3 OVK rjoe/j-ijcrcov, £iKr)v re TIVI TMV <$>i\a)V tyevyovri Berrtw avveiTToov, TOV 8/;/xou avvevOovcrLayvTos v(f) Kal /3aK)(6vovTOS Trepl avTov, arre ei? (j)6/3ov av6i$ 01 Svvarol KaOiaTavTO, Kal vroXi"; rjv ev aurot? ^0709 co? OVK edcrovo~Lv eVl ori/iap- jfiav TOV Tdlov rrpoe\6elv. 4 ^.vvTvy^dvei Be aTrb TavTOfJiaTOV \a-%eli> avTov et? 2ap8a) ra/jiLav ^Opecrrr} TO) vTrdry Kal TOVTO TO?? fj.ev e^Opols KaO* fjSovrjv eyeyoveL, TOV £e Td'iov OVK eXvTrrjcrev. are yap wv rro\e/j.iKO^ Kal ^f.lpov ov£ev TT/OO? cTTpare/a? rjcrKri{j.€i>os rj St'/ca?, €TL B€ TTjV 7TO\lT€LaV KaL TO /3r/[J.a (fcplTTWV, aVT€- 'XjE.LV Be Ka\OVVTL TU> Bl'][J.U> Kal TOi? <£>L\OIS 0V BvvdfjLevos, TravTaTcacri TIJV drroBri/jLLav eKeiut^v 5 rjydrrrjo-e. Ka'iTOi KpaTel to^a 7ro\\r} TOVTOV axparov yeveaOai Bijaayooyov, Kal rro\v TOV Tt- fiepiov \auTrpoTepov 77/209 Trjv drrb TMV cf)(\wv Bo^av. OVK e-^ei Be OVTW TO d\rj9es' dXX? eoiKev UTT' dvdyKTjs nvos /j.d\\ov OVTOS r] Trpoaipecreajs 6 e/j-Trecreiv els TI/V 7ro\iT€Lav. la-opel Be Kal Ki^e- pwv 6 pi]T(jL>p &)? apa (frevyovTL Trdcrav dp^r/v TW Yatw Kal fj.eO^ r](TV^ia^ ypr}/jLtvw "Cr]V o 6'vap <$>ave\s Kal Trpocrayopevaas, " Ti 198 CAIUS GRACCHUS, i. 2-6 quite a stripling, for he was nine years younger than his brother, and Tiberius was not yet thirty when he died. But as time went on he gradually showed a disposition that was averse to idleness, effeminacy, wine-bibbing, and money-making ; and by preparing his oratory to waft him as on swift pinions to public life, he made it clear that he was not going to remain quiet; and in defending Vettius, a friend of his who was under prosecution, he had the people about him inspired and frantic with sympathetic delight, and made the other orators appear to be no better than children. Once more, therefore, the nobles began to be alarmed, and there was much talk among them about not permitting Caius to be made tribune. By accident, however, it happened that the lot fell on him to go to Sardinia as quaestor for Orestes the consul.1 This gave pleasure to his enemies, and did not annoy Caius. For he was fond of war, and quite as well trained for military service as for pleading in the courts. Moreover, he still shrank from public life and the rostra, but was unable to resist the calls to this career which came from the people and his friends. He was therefore altogether satisfied with this opportunity of leaving the city. And yet a strong opinion prevails that he was a demagogue pure and simple, and far more eager than Tiberius to win the favour of the multitude. But this is not the truth ; nay, it would appear that he was led by a certain necessity rather than by his own choice to engage in public matters. And Cicero the orator also relates2 that Caius declined all office and had chosen to live a quiet life, but that his brother appeared to him in a dream and addressed him, saying : " Why, pray, dost 1 In 126 B.O. * De div. i. 26, 56. 199 PLUTARCH'S UVKS " rutV. SpabvveiSi orv ^crrtz1 diro£pa<ri?, C r' TOT tjaoi1 TTo/Tci'o/icroK ~c . IVivufz'Os' orr o l\mK cV pt"T/}? (i-^^ci^/Z1 e^i^OV, ViT/ 77O\l' 77<i' Tor tFTpaTqybv evvoiq \~a] ri/.uj, vat \/T07?/T/ va< (bt\o~oria 9r . i<r)(ypov $* val po< yct/iflvo? fr apoovi yeroneroi1 \'a TOI< T<i\ TruXt.s^ scrOffra TDK oi'\f]S rtjr Tor (TTaT^oi1 aXX<wei> aju>i€€tv rot/? vat o l\/toc aurov? (It/)' eai'Ta"1!1 eiroirjGev €<r0ffra TTt/ttvI'-a/ vat ftor)Qfi<Tat TO?S" TPa>ftato*9, Taf'ra Tra\ir ti\- 'Pwprjv airayy€\\ofjteva vat So/eovvra . vat Trpioroi' ft€V €K A.i/3vi)<i Trapa M/vt'xf/-a TOI" /8a<riX€o>9 rrptafSti'f irapaycvofAGvov?, vat s UK o v ft- a/oova CTITOJ' Ta roi-rt^ e^€/SaXov t'TTtcra boyfJM Troioirrai TOK Jt, TOT vat TOL> o ^e TorTa>r arTa> rr^ocr- frrrs 6^€7rX€UflT€ TT/JOS" opy>']i', vat Tra* €\7riBas ov uoi-oi1 VTTO 200 CAIUS GRACCHUS, i. 6-n. 4 thou hesitate, Caius ? There is no escape ; one life is fated for us both, and one death as champions of the people." II. After reaching Sardinia, then, Caius gave proof of every excellence, and far surpassed all the other young men in conflicts with the enemy, in just dealings with the subject peoples, and in the good will and respect which he showed towards his commander, while in self-restraint, frugality, and industry, he excelled even his elders. The winter in Sardinia proved to be rigorous and unhealthy, and the Roman commander made a requisition upon the cities of clothing for his soldiers, whereupon the cities sent to Rome and begged to be relieved from the exaction. The senate granted their petition and ordered the commander to get clothing for his soldiers in some other way. The commander was at a loss what to do, and the soldiers were suffering ; so Caius made a circuit of the cities and induced them of their own free will to send clothing and other assistance to the Romans. This was reported to Rome, where it was thought to be a prelude to a struggle for popular favour, and gave fresh concern to the senate. So, to begin with, when ambassadors of King Micipsa came from Africa, and announced that out of regard for Caius Gracchus the king had sent grain to the Roman commander in Sardinia, the senators were displeased and turned them away. In the second place, they passed a decree that fresh troops should be sent to relieve the soldiers in Sardinia, but that Orestes should remain, with the idea that Caius also would remain with him by virtue of his office. But Caius, when this came to his ears, straightway sailed off in a passion, and his unexpected appearance in Rome 201 PLUTARCH'S LIVES ctLTtav el%ev, d\\a Kal rot? TroXXoi? dXXoKorov TO Td/LLLaV Ol'Td TTpOaTTOUTTJVaL TOV dp^OVTO^. ov IJLTJV d\\a Karrjyopias avTw yevofJLevi^ eVt Ttoi> o{/ro) dire\6eiv rj 5 rd f^eyicrra So^a?. ecrrpaTeva-0ai fjiev yap e< err), TWV a\\wv Be/ca o-Tparevo^evcov ev 83 G wv Be e rw arpaTJjju) 7rapafj,e- pieriav, TOV vo^ov y^er' eviavrov errav- Se TCOV <TTpaTevcra/j.€vwv 7r\rjpe<? TO fBakdvTiov etcrei'^j/o^Q)? icevov %ei'ai, TOU? Be a'XXou? ercTriovras ov elcn']i>eyKav dpyvpiov Kal ^pvcriov juecrTovs Bevpo TOU? III. 'E«: TOUTOU iraKw aXXa? ottVia? avTW KOI eTrrjyov &)? TOU? avfj-^d^ov^ d^iardvn Kal T}? Trepl <3>peyeX\av ev8ei%0eL<ri]$ Las. o Be TTCKTCLV vTrotyiav d7ro\v(rd/j.evo$ l </>az'el? Ka0apb<? evOvs eVt rwv JJLZV yvtopificw dvBpa)i> 6 irpos avTov, o^Xou Be roaovrov et? TTJV iro\iv etc T?}? 'iTaTu'a? Kal \i7relv, TOV Be TreBiov prj Bef;a/j,evov TO 77X7)^0? aTTO TW^ Teywv Kal TWI> KepdfjLwv Ta? fywvds o-vvrj- 2 ^etz'. TOGOVTOV B1 ovv e^eftidcravTO TOV ^r)fj.ov ol BvvaTol Kal r>}9 e\7r/6o? ToO Patov Ka0el\ov, ocrov CAIUS GRACCHUS, n. 4-111. 2 not only was censured by his enemies, but also made the people think it strange that he, quaestor as he was, had left his post before his commander. However, when he was denounced before the censors, he begged leave to speak, and wrought such a change in the opinions of his hearers that he left the court with the reputation of having been most grossly wronged. For he said that he had served in the army twelve years, although other men were required to serve there only ten, and that he had continued to serve as quaestor under his commander for more than two years, although the law permitted him to come back after a year. He was the only man in the army, he said, who had entered the campaign with a full purse and left it with an empty one ; the rest had drunk up the wine which they took into Sardinia, and had come back to Rome with their wine-jars full of gold and silver. III. After this, other fresh charges and indictments were brought against him, on the ground that he had caused the allies to revolt and had been privy to the conspiracy at Fregellae,1 information of which was brought to Rome. But he cleared himself of all suspicion, and having established his entire innocence, immediately began a canvass for the tribuneship. All the men of note, without exception, were opposed to him, but so great a throng poured into the city from the country and took part in the elections that many could not be housed, and since the Campus Martius could not accommodate the multitude, they gave in their voices from the house-tops and tilings. So far, however, did the nobility prevail against the people and disappoint the hopes of Caius that he was not 1 Fregellae revolted, and was destroyed in 125 B.C. 203 PLUTARCH'S LIVES to? Trpoo'eBoKijo'e, TrpwTOv, d\\a reraprov dvayopeuOtjvai. Trapa\a/3wv Be TTJV ap^v eudvs rjv uTrdvTwv TT/QWTO?, la")(va)V re ra> \eyeiv, o>? aAAo? ovBeis, KOI TOV rrd&ovs avTu> irapprja-Lav 3 evravda yap e^ aTracr?;? vr/joc^ao-ew? Trepirjye TOV avaiJiL^vi}(JK,wv TWV yeyovoTwv KOL TrapaTi- TO, ro)i> jrpoyoi'wv, co? etcelvoL JJLZV KOI €7ro\€/jLr]a-av vrrep Tevviciov T/I/O? Brjj , real Yatov ISeroviov Odvarov KCLT€- , OTL t]/iipxM Tropevo/jievM t yop? ou)( / ,, *rf\ « p- \ ' i » fj,ovo<?' \IJLMV be opwvTwv, Tiftepiov £uXo£? orvveKOTTTOV oi)TOLtKol Sia TroXeco? ecrvpero veKpos €K KaTrercoXtoi; pi(j)rj- 4 (TOyLte^O? 6/5 TOJ> TTOTafJiOV OL Be d\i(TKOIJLei'OL TOIV 0vr}GKov ciKpiTOi. KaiToi rraTpiov ecrnv el Ti? £XWI> ^'LKrlv OavaTiKi-jV /J.TJ vTratcovei, TOVTOV Trpo? ra? Ovpas ewOev e dvaKa\el(j9ai rf) crd\7TLyyi, KOI /JLTJ rrpoTepov em- ov avru) rou? SiKaard^. OI/TO>? ev\a- l 7T€(f)v\ay/j,evoi Trepl ra? Kpi(rei^ rjcrav." IV. Toiourotv Xoyoi? TrpoavacreKTas TOV /cat eV TO) \eyeiv}, Buo i^o/xou? elcre^epe, TOV yue/', et dpXpVTOS dcprjpfJTO Tifv dp^rjv 6 Brj^os, ovx TOVTW BevTepas dp%rjs [jieTovaiav elvar 204 CAIUS GRACCHUS, in. 2-iv. i returned first, as he expected, but fourth. But after entering upon his office ] he was at once first of all the tribunes, since he had an incomparable power in oratory, and his affliction gave him great boldness of speech in bewailing the fate of his brother. For to this subject he would bring the people round on every pretext, reminding them of what had happened in the case of Tiberius, and contrasting the conduct of their ancestors, who went to war with the people of Falerii on behalf of Genucius, a tribune whom they had insulted, and condemned Caius Veturius to death because he was the only man who would not make way for a tribune passing through the forum. "But before your eyes," he said, " these men beat Tiberius to death with clubs, and his dead body was dragged from the Capitol through the midst of the city to be thrown into the Tiber; moreover, those of his friends who were caught were put to death without trial. And yet it is ancient usage among us that if anyone who is arraigned on a capital charge does not answer to his summons, a trumpeter shall go to the door of this man's house in the morning and summon him forth by sound of trumpet, and until this has been done the judges shall not vote on his case. So careful and guarded were the men of old in capital cases.' IV. Having first stirred up the people with such words as these (and he had a very loud voice, and was most vigorous in his speaking), he introduced two laws, one providing that if the people had deprived any magistrate of his office, such magistrate should not be allowed to hold office a second time ; 1 For the year 123 B.C., ten years after Tiberius had entered upon the same office. 205 PLUTARCH'S LIVES Be, ei TIS ap%u>v ci/cpiTOv €KK6Kr}pv^oi 7ro\irrjv, 2 tear avrov BiBovTa Kpicriv TW S^aw. TOVTWV avTiKpvs o [JLev Mdp/eov 'OfCTaftiov rjTL VTTO Ttfteplov T>}? 8ijfJLap')(ias e/crreaovTa, £' evefyeTO IToTT/XXio?' OI>TO? yap arparrjya)^ TOV TlSepiOV <})L\OV$ €J;€K/1pVJ;6. KOI fjiev ov% t/TTocTTa? TIJV KplaLV €(j)Vj€v ej; ' rov Be erepov vo/Jiov Fai'o? auro? c^rycra? r^ /jL^rpl K.opvrj\ia BerjOeicrr] 3 TOI^ 'QfCTafiiov. KOL o Bfjfjbos r)yda9r~i KOL pr](T6, ri/jiwv r^v KopvrjXlav ov&ev ifrrov CLTTO TCOV iraiScov i} TOV rraTpos, ^9 ye real ^O\K>}V el/cova (TTijcras vcrTepov eTreypatye Jt£.opvr)\lav fiijTepa rpdy%cov. enroll fjLOvev€.Tai &£ Ka^ Tov Taiov TTO\- \a prfTopiKM^ KOL ayopaicos virep avTrjs elp^/j-eva ?rpo9 Tiva TWV e%0pwv " ^v ydp" €<prj, " Kopi'rj- 4 \iav XofSo/?eZ? TTJV Tifiepioi' TeKovaav" eVel ^6 Bia/3€/3\'Ji/:i€vos rjv ei? /j,a\a,Kiav 6 f* TLva 6e," elrrev, " e^wv Trapprja-iav La aeavTov; e're/ee? yap w? erceivy]; rea icracri rPa)j,aioi TT\€L(O ovov €K€Lvrv air >P>\ T *\\tfO.)5 / \p avopos ovcrav r/ ere TOV avopa. TOICLVTIJ fiev rj TTLKpia T0)v \o-ywv TJV avrou, KOI TroXXa \afieiv etc T0)v yeypafJb/jLevwv eaTiv 6/noLa. V. Twv Be vo/Jifov ot»9 ela-efape T& B^JLLM %api£6- 837 fievos /cal rca,Ta\vu>v TTJV (Tvy/cXijTov, 6 fjiev TJV Kk^pov^iKO^ dvave/jiwv1 rot? Trevrjcn rrjv Brj/aocriav, 6 Be cTTpaTKOTLfcos ecrdrJTa re Ke\evcov 1 avai'f/j.c>}v Coraes and Bekkor, after Du Soul, for the MSS. a.fj.0. vfijuav. Ziegler adopts Siavtuav, proposed by Sint.2and Cobet. 206 CAIUS GRACCHUS, iv. i -v i arid another providing that if any magistrate had banished a citizen without trial, such magistrate should be liable to public prosecution. Of these laws, one had the direct effect of branding with infamy Marcus Octavius, who had been deposed from the tribunate by Tiberius ; and by the other Popillius was affected, for as praetor he had banished the friends of Tiberius. Popillius, indeed, without standing his trial, fled out of Italy ; but the other law was withdrawn by Caius himself, who said that he spared Octavius at the request of his mother Cornelia. The people were pleased at this and gave then- consent, honouring Cornelia no less on account of her sons than because of her father ; indeed, in after times they erected a bronze statue of her, bearing the inscription: "Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi." There are on record also many things which Caius said about her in the coarse style of forensic speech, when he was attacking one of his enemies: " What," said he, "dost thou abuse Cornelia, who gave birth to Tiberius ? " And since the one who had uttered the abuse was charged with effeminate practices, " With what effrontery," said Caius, "canst thou compare thyself with Cornelia ? Hast thou borne such children as she did ? And verily all Rome knows that she refrained from commerce with men longer than thou hast, though thou art a man." Such was the bitter- ness of his language, and many similar examples can be taken from his writings. V. Of the laws which he proposed by way of gratifying the people and overthrowing the senate, one was agrarian, and divided the public land among the poor citizens ; another was military, and ordained that clothing should be furnished to the soldiers at 207 PLUTARCH'S LIVES teal /j,r}Bev et? rovro T?;? v<patpei(T0ai rwv arparevofjiei'wv, KOI veu>repov erwv errraKaiBeKa yu./) KaraXeyecrOai crrpariwrrjv 6 Be av/jL/jia')^t,KO^ lao^n](^ov^ rroLwv rot? rro\irai$ 2 rou? 'IraXiwra?. 6 Be airi/cbs eTTev&vi^wv rot? ayopdv. 6 Be BiKacrriKo1;, w TO e T??? TCOV av<yK\v)TiKwv jap e/cpivov ra? Bi/cas, /cal Bia rovro <po/3epol rw re B/jfAM teal rot? Imreixnv r)crav, o Be rpia- rwv iTTTrewv rrpoa Kare\e%ev avrols overt teal ra? icpicreis KOIVCLS rwv QaKoalwv 3 erroi>]cre. rovrov rov VO/JLOV elcrfyepwv rd re a\\a \eyerai o-TrovBduat ^La^epovrw^, real rwv rrpo avrov rrdv-wv Bij/Aaywywv 77730? rr)V (rvyK\r)Tov d<f)opcoi/rcov Kal TO Ka\ov/JLevov KOfJiinov, TT/OWTO? Tore cTT/oa^el? e^a> rrpos rrjv dyopdv BrjfjLrjyopfjffai, /cal TO \OLTTOV ovro) rroielv e£ etcewov, fjutcpa rrap- €y/c\Lcrei teal fteraOecrei cr^^/zaTO? /^eya Trpdyjaa Kivr}(ja<$ /cal /AereveyKcbv rporrov riva rr)v rro\ireiai> €K T^}? dpicrroKparias et? rrjv By/jLOKpariav, co? rwi> rroXXcov Beov, ov TJ}? /SouXr}?, (jro^d^eaOaL TOL/? \eyovras. VI. 'Evrel 5e ou JJLOVOV e'Be^aro rov VOJJLOV rovrov 6 Brjjjios, d\\d KciKeivti) rovs Kpivovras €K ra)i> Lmrewv eBwKe Kara\e£ai, /jLovap^iKij ns eyeyovei irepl avrov, ware Kal r^v 208 CAIUS GRACCHUS, v. i-vi. i the public cost, that nothing should be deducted from their pay to meet this charge, and that no one under seventeen should be enrolled as a soldier ; another concerned the allies, and gave the Italians equal suffrage rights with Roman citizens ; another related to the supplies of grain, and lowered the market price to the poor ; and another dealt with the appointment of judges. This last law most of all curtailed the power of the senators ; for they alone could serve as judges in criminal cases, and this privilege made them formidable both to the common people and to the equestrian order. The law of Gracchus, however, added to the membership of the senate, which was three hundred, three hundred men from the equestrian order, and made service as judges a prerogative of the whole six hundred. In his efforts to carry this law Caius is said to have shown mf remarkable earnestness in many ways, and especially in this, that whereas all popular orators before him had turned their faces towards the senate and that part of the forum called the " comitium," he now set a new example by turning towards the other part ot the forum as he harangued the people, and continued to do this from that time on, thus by a slight deviation and change of attitude stirring up a great question, and to a certain extent changing the constitution from an aristocratic to a democratic form ; for his implication was that speakers ought to address themselves to the people, and not to the senate. VI. The people not only adopted this law, but also entrusted to its author the selection of the judges who were to come from the equestrian order, so that he found himself invested with something like monarchical power, and even the senate 209 PLUTARCH'S LIVES avrov. <rvv€/3ov\eve Be 0,66 TI TMV e/ceivy TrpeTrovTwv elcnjyov/Aevos' 2 olov TJV teal TO Trepl TOV airov Boy/^a fji€Tpt(orarov KOI Ka\\LcrTov, ov 8' eTreicre Trjv /3ov\}jv TOV CTITOV avaire/jL^raL rat? TO apyvpLov, Kol 7rpo(T€7raLTidcra(T0ai TOV /ca aoprjTOv TTOIOVVTCL TIJV p-^ijv rot? co ev rat? 3 "Eypa-^re Be /cal 7ro\et? diroLKiSas €K7T€fji7r€<T0ai Kal ra? 0801)5 Troielaflai Kal KaTacrKevd^to-Qai <TiTO/36\ia, TOVTOLS aTraai 7rpaTTO/j,€vois avTov Kal BLOtKijTrjv e^LCTTa^, Kal TT/OO? a7TOT/3L'0/U€I'05 TWV TOCTOVTCOV Kal Tllj\LKOl)TWV, d\\d Kal Oav/^aaTw TLVL Ta^ei Kal TTOVW TMV ct>5 fiovov eKacrTOV e^epya^op-evos, coo-re Kal Trdvv fJLicrovvTas avTov KOI SeSoiKOTas €KTT\IJT- Tea6ai TO Bid irdvTwv avvaifjiov Kal 4 01 Be 7ro\\ol Kal TIJV o-^nv avTrjv e'^prrjfjLevov opwi'Tes avTov 7r\r)0o<$ epyo\d/3a)v, Te~)(VLTO)V, Trpea/BevTcov, dp^ovTwv, Trdcriv l TO (re/jLvov ev TW (f>L\,ctvdp(i)7rcp Bia<pv\dTTwv, Kal ve/jiwv avTov TO dpfjiOTTOV oltceltos CKUO-TW, ^a\€TTOv<f aTreBeiKvve (rvKofydinas TOVS (f)o/3epov avTov f) (fcopTiKOV 6Xco5 7; (Biatov d7TOKa\ovvTas. BeivoTepos rjv ev rat5 o/ifXta£5 Kal rat5 210 CAIUS GRACCHUS, vi. 1-4 consented to follow his counsel. But when he counselled them, it was always in support of measures befitting their body ; as, for instance, the very equitable and honourable decree concerning the grain which Fabius the pro-praetor sent to the city from Spain. Cains induced the Senate to sell the grain and send the money back to the cities of Spain, and further, to censure Fabius for making his government of the province intolerably burden- some to its inhabitants. This decree brought Caius great reputation as well as popularity in the provinces. He also introduced bills for sending out colonies, for constructing roads, and for establishing public granaries, making himself director and manager of all these undertakings, and showing no weariness in the execution of all these different and great enter- prises; nay, he actually carried out each one of them with an astonishing speed and power of application, as if it were his sole business, so that even those who greatly hated and feared him were struck with amazement at the powers of achievement and accomplishment which marked all that he did. And as for the multitude, they were astonished at the very sight, when they beheld him closely attended by a throng of contractors, artificers, ambassadors, magistrates, soldiers, and literary men, with all of whom he was on easy terms, preserving his dignity while showing kindliness, and rendering properly to every man the courtesy which was due from him, whereby he set in the light of malignant slanderers those who stigmatised him as threatening or utterly arrogant or violent. Thus he was a more skilful popular leader in his private intercourse with men 211 PLUTARCH'S LIVES rrpd^eaiv rj TO?? drro rov /?>;/xaro5 \6yois 70)709. VII. 'EcrTrouSacre Be f^dXiara rreplr^i' Te ^peta? a//,a /cat rov rrpos %dpiv KCU evQelai yap ijyovro Bid TWV teal TO jj,ev eaTopwro Trerpa ^effrfj, TO Se a/jifjiov ^coyLiacrt vaKTtjs eTTUKi'ovro. 7n/u,7rXa- fjievwv Be TMV KOI\WV fcai ^evyvv^evwv <y€<pvpai<j ocra x€i/jLappoi &I€KOTTTOV 1} (f> a pay yes, u^fros re TWV eKarepwOev laov /cal 7rapd\\T]\ov \af.i(3avovTa)V, 6fjLa\rjv KOI Ka\i]v o^nv el%e Si o\ov TO epyov. 838 2 7T/30? Be TouTOi? Sia/jLeTpijaas Kara /JLL\IOV oSbi> (TO Be JJLI\IOV OKTCO araBlai/ oXiyov diroBel} \t@ivov<s a-i^ela rou /jierpov Be \L0ov$ eXarrov a7re%oi' 0ei' T^}? 6Bov Si&Qrjteev, &>? eli] aSiws Tot? ej(ovcnv eTTiftaLveiV air* avrwi> VIII. 'ETrt TOVTOIS rov BTJ/JLOV avrov teal rrav onovv eTot/i&)9 e^oz^TO? evBeiKvvaflai rrpos evvoLav, e<f)r) rrore Bij/jirjyopwv avros alr/jaeiv ^dpiv, fjv \a/3(*jv /jLev dvrl rravros e£eii>, el Be drroTi>)(OL, [j,r)Bev €K€ivoi<> ^n,^ri^oLf>r]<je.iv. rovro pi]6ev e'Bo^ev air^ai^ VTrareias elvai, KOI rrpoa- BoKiav rracriv a>? ci/jia fjiev vTrareiav, d^a Be 2 8rjfj,ap')(iav /jierioov rrapea-^ev. evcrrdvrwv Be rwv dp^aipecricoi' KO.I fierectjpw ovrwv dirdv- Tdlov Qdvviov /cardyayv et? TO ireBLov 212 CAIUS GRACCHUS, vi. 4-vm. 2 and in his business transactions than in his speeches from the rostra. VII. But he busied himself most earnestly with the construction of roads, laying stress upon utility, as well as upon that which conduced to grace and beauty. For his roads were carried straight through the country without deviation, and had pavements of quarried stone, and substructures of tight-rammed masses of sand. Depressions were filled up, all inter- secting torrents or ravines were bridged over, and both sides of the roads were of equal and correspond- ing height, so that the work had everywhere an even and beautiful appearance. In addition to all this, he measured off every road by miles (the Roman mile falls a little short of eight furlongs) and planted stone pillars in the ground to mark the distances. Other stones, too, he placed at smaller intervals from one another on both sides of the road, in order that equestrians might be able to mount their horses from them and have no need of assistance. VIII. Since the people extolled him for all these services and were ready to show him any token what- soever of their good will, he said to them once in a public harangue that he was going to ask a favour of them, which, if granted, he should value supremely, but if it were refused, he should find no fault with them. This utterance was thought to be a request for a consulship, and led everybody to expect that he would sue for a consulship and a tribuneship at the same time. But when the consular elections were at hand and everybody was on the tip-toe of expecta tion, he was seen leading Caius Fannius down into the Campus Martius and joining in the canvass for VOL. x. H 2I3 PLUTARCH'S LIVES v exetvqt fi€Ta TWV TOVTO poTrrjv rjvejfce TOO <$>avvla> /jLeyd\,rjv. /JL€V uTraro?, Fai'o? Be 877/^/3^09 dTTeBei^dr) TO BevTepov, ov 7rapayye\\a)V ovBe fjiericov, d\\a rou 3 'ETrel Be ewpa rrjv fji€v a-vyrc\r)Tov e^Opav avri- Kpw$, afji[B\vv 8e rfj TT/JO? avrov evvoia TOV <&dvviov, TO /lev et? Tdpavra /cal KaTrvrjv , fca\a)V Be eVl KOivwvia TroXtreta? rou? 77 Be J3ov\rj Beiaaaa pr) TravTaTrao'iv yevrjTcu, fcaivrjv (cal dcrvvrjflrj irelpav eirtjye rot? TroXXot? dTrorpOTrrjs, dvTi&yj/Aaycoyovcra Kal 4 ^api^OfjievT] Trapa TO fteXTiaTOV. rjv yap et? TOV Fatov o-vvapxovTcov Aty&o? ApoOcro?, ai/ oure , ijdei1 Be KOI \6ya) /cat ifkovTw rot? /j,d\iaTa TifjLO)/J<€vot<> Kal Bvva/jLevots diro TOVTWV evdfjii\\o<$. €7rl TOVTOV ovv ol jvwpt fAtoraTOi TpeirovTai, TrapeKaXovv avrov a-fyacrdai TOV Yatov Kal eVl TOV avBpa ava-Tr/vai, /jbrj ftia e di'TLKpovovTa rot? 7roXXot9, aXXa fjBovrjv apxpVTa Kal ^api^ofjievov vrrep wv IX. 'EvrtSoL'? ovv o At/3iO? 66? TavTa T TTJV eavTOV BrffjLap^Lav VO/JLOV? eypatyev OVTC 1 tfQfi Coraes and Bekker retain the old vulgate 214 CAIUS GRACCHUS, vm. 2-ix. i him along with his friends. This turned the tide strongly in favour of Fannius. So Fannius was elected consul, and Caius tribune for the second time, though he was not a candidate and did not canvass for the office ; but the people were eager to have it so. However, he soon saw that the senate was hostile to him out and out, and that the good will of Fannius towards him had lost its edge, and therefore again began to attach the multitude to himself by other laws, proposing to send colonies to Tarentum and Capua, and inviting the Latins to a participation in the Roman franchise. But the senate, fearing that Gracchus would become altogether invincible, made a new and unusual attempt to divert the people from him ; they vied with him, that is, in courting the favour of the people, and granted their wishes contrary to the best interests of the state. For one of the colleagues of Caius was Livius Drusus, a man who was not inferior to any Roman either in birth or rearing, while in character, eloquence, and wealth he could vie with those who were most honoured and influen- tial in consequence of these advantages. To this man, accordingly, the nobles had recourse, and invited him to attack Caius and league himself with them against him, not resorting to violence or coming into collision with the people, but administering his office to please them and making them concessions where it would have been honourable to incur their hatred. IX. Livius, accordingly, put his influence as tribune at the service of the senate to this end, and drew up laws which aimed at what was neither honourable 215 PLUTARCH'S LIVES KO,\WV TWOS OVT€ Twv \v<n,Te\wv e^ofievovs, d\\a ev fjiovov, virep[3a\e(T9ai TOV Tdlov rjSovfj KOL TO)V 7TO\\WV, WCTTTep 6V KW/jLW&ia, <T7T6VO'a)V /cal SiafjiiX^cofjievos. M KOL €7roir}cr€v eavr^v rj avyK\r)TO<$ ov rot? TOV Tatov •jToX.iTevfJiacnvt a\\a avrov e/ceivov ave\elv rj TaTreivwaai TravrdiTacn /3ov\o/jLevr)v. 2 TOV jjiev <yap airoiKia^ Bvo jpd^ravra KOI rou? WV TTO\ITWV elcrdyovTa B^fioKOTTelv , Aiftiw Be Ba)Se/ca KCLTOIKI^OVTL /cat Tpicr- TWV (Tvve\a^lBdvovTO. KaKeivo) /j-ev, OTL %copav rot? nrevTjai Trpocrra^a? CKCKTTW T€\elv drrofyopav €i? TO o~r)jn.6o-iov, &)? KO\aK€vovTi TGI/? TroXXoi;? aTrrj-^OdvovTo, Aifiios Se KCU TTJV djroffropav TavTrjv 3 TWV vGLfjLafjievtov dtyaipwv ijpea'Kev aurot?. ert 8e 6 fjiev rot? A.aTivoL<; i(ro-dfi]<f)iav SiSovs c^vTrei, TOV be, OTTO)? fjirjSe eVt GTpaTeias e^fj Tiva ACLTLVWV ej3oi]6ovv TM VO/JLW. /ecu at»TO? o At/3to? del e\eyev co? <ypd(f)oi TavTa Ty /3ov\fj SOKOVVTO, KTJ&O- 4 [levy TWV 7ro\\tov o Srj Kal ^JLOVOV aTro TWV TTO\L- T€VfjLaTO)V aVTOV Xplj&l/jLOV V7ri'lp')(€V. r)fJL6p(*)T6pOV yap eo"%e TT^OO? Trjv {3ov\r)V 6 &r//jio$' Kal TOU? jvaypi/jLcoTUTov^ avToi) irpoTepov v<popa>/ji€vov /cat 216 CAIUS GRACCHUS, ix. 1-4 nor advantageous ; nay, he had the emulous eager- ness of the rival demagogues of comedy to achieve one thing, namely, to surpass Caius in pleasing and gratifying the people.1 In this way the senate showed most plainly that it was not displeased with the public measures of Caius, but rather was desirous by all means to humble or destroy the man himself. For when Caius proposed to found two colonies, and these composed of the most respectable citizens, they accused him of truckling to the people ; but when Livius proposed to found twelve, and to send out to each of them three thousand of the needy citizens, they supported him. With Caius, because he distributed public land among the poor for which every man of them was required to pay a rental into the public treasury, they were angry, alleging that he was seeking thereby to win favour with the multitude ; but Livius met with their approval when he proposed to relieve the tenants even from this rental. And further, when Caius proposed to bestow upon the Latins equal rights of suffrage, he gave offence ; but when Livius brought in a bill forbidding that any Latin should be chastised with rods even during military service, he had the senate's support. And indeed Livius himself, in his public harangues, always said that he introduced these measures on the authority of the senate,, which desired to help the common people; and this in fact was the only advan- tage which resulted from his political measures. For the people became more amicably disposed towards the senate ; and whereas before this they had sus- pected and hated the nobles, Livius softened and 1 An allusion to the rival demagogues in the Knights of Aristophanes. 217 PLUTARCH'S LIVES /jLicrovvros €%6\V(T€ teal KareTrpdvve rrjv KL-av not ^dKeironira ravrrjv 6 Aifiios, 009 e/c 839 etcevcov p//.<w/i,ei>09 yva)[JLr)S e TO Kal ai£ea'0ai TO!? 7roXXot9. X. Me7t(TT7? Se ra> A/ooOcra) 7Tt<rTt9 evvoias TT/JO? roz^ &THJLOV eyivero /ecu SiKaioGvv'ris TO yu,^Sez^ eavrov <j)aLV6a0ai <ypd(f)OVTa. jap oiKiCTTas erepovs e'^eVe/xTre TWV ir6\ewv Kal SioiKija'ea'i ^prujLaTwv ov Trpocrrjet, TOV Taiov ra 7T\€LcrTa Kal fiey terra rcov TOIOVTWV avry 2 irpocrTiOivTos. eVel 5e 'Povflpiov TWV crvvap^ov- TWV 6^05 OiKi^evOai Kap^rj^ova ypd^ravro^ dvypr)- VTTO ^KrjTrlwvos, K\ijpw \a%ct)v 6 Faio9 et? Ai/Bvrjv eVl TOZ^ KaroiKicrfAOV, en, fjLa\\ov eVt/Sa? o A/JOUCTO? aTro^TO? avrov TOV Slj/jiov vireX.d^lSave Kal TrpocrrfyeTo, /AdXiara Tat? 3 Kara rov <$>ov\(3Lov 8taySoXat?. o Se <&ov\/3io$ ovros r)V rov Taiov (j)L\o$, Kal avvdp^wv eVt rrjv Be V7TO 1/7T07TTO9 ^€ «al T0t9 aA,\O£9 Ct)9 Siarctv&v Kal irapo^vvwv Kpvfya TOU? 7rpo9 dTToaraatv. ot? dvaTrobeiKrws Kal dve\ey- /CTo>9 \eyo/JLevoi<; avros TrpocreriOet rclv-riv o ^E>ouXy8to9 ou^ vyiaivov(rr]<; ov&€ elprjviKrjs wv Trpo- 4 alpea-ews. rovro /jbdXicrra Kare\ve rov Taiov a7ro\avovra rov jjuicrov?. /cal 6r€ ^KIJTTLCOV 6 218 CAIUS GRACCHUS, ix. 4-x. 4 dissipated their remembrance of past grievances and their bitter feelings by alleging that it was the sanction of the nobles which had induced him to enter upon his course of conciliating the people and gratifying the wishes of the many. X. But the strongest proof that Livius was well disposed towards the people and honest, lay in the fact that he never appeared to propose anything for himself or in his own interests. For he moved to send out other men as managers of his colonies, and would have no hand in the expenditure of moneys, whereas Caius had assigned to himself most of such functions and the most important of them. And now Rubrius, one of his colleagues in the tribuneship, brought in a bill for the founding of a colony on the site of Carthage, which had been destroyed by Scipio, and Caius, upon whom the lot fell, sailed off to Africa as superintendent of the foundation. In his absence, therefore, Livius made all the more headway against him, stealing into the good graces of the people and attaching them to himself, particu- larly by his calumniations of Fulvius. This Fulvius was a friend of Caius, and had been chosen a commissioner with him for the distribution of the public land ; but he was a turbulent fellow, and was hated outright by the senators. Other men also sus- pected him of stirring up trouble with the allies and of secretly inciting the Italians to revolt. These things were said against him without proof or inves- tigation, but Fulvius himself brought them into greater credence by a policy which was unsound and revolutionary. This more than anything else was the undoing of Caius, who came in for a share of the hatred against Fulvius. And when Scipio Africanus 219 PLUTARCH'S LIVES *A(f)pLKavb<> €$; ovSevbs alriov Ttjcre KOL cr^/Jietd Tiva TW veKpCo Tr\riywv Kal /5ta? ev rot? irepl etcelvov ye- ypaTTTai, TO /J.ev irKeldTOV eVl TOP T?}? ^ta/SoX?}?, e^Opov ovia teal TTJV rjfjuepav eVl TOV y3///xaro? TO> ^KJ]TTIWVL 5 rffydTo 8e /cal TOV Yatov VTTOVOICL. teal Seii>ov epyov CTT' av&p\ rw TT/OCOTO) Kal {jLeyiaTw TO\fjLr)dev OVK eVu^e BiK^s ovSe et? 7rpoij\0ev zvecrTrjcrav yap ol TroXXot Kal KaTe\v<rav TYJV Kplaiv inrep TOV Taiov $)o{Bi /j,rj 7re/3i7T6Tr/9 Trj aiTia TOV (frovov TavTa jmev ovv lyeyovet TrpoTepov. XI. 'Ez^ B€ Ty Ai/3vrj irepl TOV rr)? KaToiKiajJiov, T)V 6 Fa to? *\ovvwviav, OTrep etrrlv 'Hpaiav, a)i>6/JLao~e) TroXXa /cwXu/x Trapa TOV Saifioviov \ejovcriv. ij re yap TrvevpaTos dfyapTrd^ovTOs avnjv, TOV Kal ra lepa rot? /Sw/xot? eTTiKeiueva BieaKeSaaev dve- fjiov 6ve\\a Kal Bieppi,\fr6V virep TOI)? opovs r»}? yeyevrj/jievijs viroypa(f)f)S, avTovs Be TOL/? 6pov$ dveaTraaav 67T6\0ovT€<> \VKOL Kal [jiaKpav O)%OVTO 2 (f)epovT€$. ov fjiijv dXXo, Trdvra o~vvTd%a<$ Kal 6 Fttio? rjuepais eftSo/uUJKOVTa rat? €7ravfj\06V e/9 'Pcti/jiTjv, Trie^eaOat, TOV ) TOV kpovaov Trvv6avb( TWV Trpay/jiaTcov T?;? avTOV Tcapovaias 220 CAIUS GRACCHUS, x. 4-xi. 2 died without any apparent cause, and certain marks of violence and blows were thought to be in evidence all over his dead body, as I have written in his Life,1 most of the consequent calumny fell upon Fulvius, who was Scipio's enemy, and had abused him that day from the rostra, but suspicion attached itself also to Caius. And a deed so monstrous, and perpetrated upon a man who was the foremost and greatest Roman, went unpunished, nay, was not even so much as probed ; for the multitude were opposed to any judicial enquiry and thwarted it, because they feared that Caius might be implicated in the charge if the murder were investigated. However, this had hap- pened at an earlier time.2 XI. In Africa, moreover, in connection with the planting of a colony on the site of Carthage, to which colony Caius gave the name Junonia (that is to say, in Greek, Heraea), there are said to have been many prohibitory signs from the gods. For the leading standard was caught by a gust of wind, and though the bearer clung to it with all his might, it was broken into pieces ; the sacrificial victims lying on the altars were scattered by a hurricane and dis- persed beyond the boundary-marks in the plan of the city, and the boundary-marks themselves were set upon by wolves, who tore them up and carried them a long way off. Notwithstanding this, Caius settled and arranged everything in seventy days all told, and then returned to Rome, because he learned that Fulvius was being hard pressed by Drusus, and be- cause matters there required his presence. For 1 See the Tiberius Gracchus, ad Jin., and cf. the Romulus, xxvii. 4 f. 2 In 129 B.C., six years before Caius became tribune. 221 PLUTARCH'S LIVES Aeu/ao9 yap 'OTTt/^fo?, dvrjp Svvaros ev rfj ffov~\,fj, rrporepov virarelav TrapayyeXXwv, rov Taiov TOP Qdvviov Trpoayayovros, eiceivov oe Karap^aipeaidaravro^' 3 rore £e TroXXw^ (Boridovvrwv eVtSo^o? rjv virarev- aeiv, vjrarevwv Se KaTa\vd€iv TOV Taiov, TLVO, rfjs &vvd/ji€(D<> avrov fjLapaivo[Jievr)s teal rov SIJ/AOV /jbeaTov yeyovoTos TCOV roiovrcov 7TO\l,TeV/jLdTWV SlO, TO TToA-XOL'? TOL/? TTyOO? elvai /cal rrjv j3ov\rjv vrreifceiv etcovcrav. XII. 'Ei7rave\0(ov Be Trpwrov /JLCV UK rov Tla\a- riov /jL€ru>/cr]o~€V e/5 rov VTTO ryv dyopav roirov KOI Trevijrayv (Twe/Baivev olicelv eVeira rwv e^eOt^Ke roL/9 Xot7rou9 009 cird^ayv avrois. o^Xov Se Travra^odeif avrq> rov virarov 2 rovs aXXof9 7r\rjv 'Pai/jLaicov aTravras. yevo/Jievov 840 Se Kijpvy/jiaros drflovs KCLI d\\OKorov, rwv o-i>j,j,(t)V jLr6 rwv (>ia)V ev Trepl r«9 rj/J-epas efceivas, dvregeQ^Kev 6 Karrfyopwv rov VTrdrov, /cal ro?9 av ov IJL^V e{3oijQr](T€v, aXXa opwv eva rcov avrov Kal crvvi]6cov €\KOfj,€vov VTTO ra>v v rwv rov Qavviov, iraprfkOe Kal ov elre rrjv 222 CAIUS GRACCHUS, xi. 2-xn. 2 Lucius Opimius, a man of oligarchical principles and influential in the senate, who had previously failed in a candidacy for the consulship (when Caius had brought forward Fannius and supported his can- vas for the office),1 now had the aid and assistance of many, and it was expected that he would be con- sul, and that as consul he would try to put down Caius, whose influence was already somewhat on the wane, and with whose peculiar measures the people had become sated, because the leaders who courted their favour were many and the senate readily yielded to them. XII. On returning to Rome, in the first place Caius changed his residence from the Palatine hill to the region adjoining the forum, which he thought more democratic, since most of the poor and lowly had come to live there ; in the next place, he pro- mulgated the rest of his laws, intending to get the people's vote upon them. But when a throng came together from all parts of Italy for his support, the senate prevailed upon the consul Fannius to drive out of the city all who were not Romans. Accordingly, a strange and unusual proclamation was made, to the effect that none of the allies and friends of Rome should appear in the city during those days ; where- upon Caius published a counter edict in which he de- nounced the consul, and promised the allies his sup- port, in case they should remain there. He did not, however, give them his support, but when he saw one of his comrades and guest-friends dragged off by the lictors of Fannius, he passed by without giving him any help, either because he feared to give a proof that his power was already on the decline, or because 1 See chapter viii. 2. 223 PLUTARCH'S LIVES eire /u?) 3oi'A6//-cZ'09, co? e\eyei>, d\!fi/j.a%ia<> auro? cazi crv/j.7T\OKrj<; dp%d? ZIJ 3 Ei'Z'eTi^e Se avra) cai TT/SO? roi/9 ev 0/577; 762't'cr^at om TOiavnji1 ai-iav. e o 5/}//o? 6eacrOaL fj.ovofjid'^ov^ ev dyopa, Kal TWV O'L TrXeTcTTOi Oewprj-^pia KVK\W Kara- €J;€fj.icr8ovi'. Tavra 6 Faio? €K€\£V€i' avrovs Kadaipelv, OTTCO^ ot vrei'J/re? e« TCOI^ TOTTUIV 4 €K6Li'Ct)r d/j-tcrdi OedcracrdaL ^vvwvrai. fj-tfievos Be ava/*€iva<i Ti]i> irpo T?}? ^ea? i^u/cra, i>LTWv ocroi>? el^ez^ €pyo\dj3ov$ v$' eavrw TrapaXafiaiv, rd decopijrjjoia KaOel\e KOI TOTTOV e> co 7ri]<Tev. €K TOV-TOV Kal TTJV Tp'iTrjv e&o^e d(f)T}pjja0ai, •^•>;($(L>V fj.ev avru) 7r\eia"Ttov yevo- /j,€i'0di>, dCLKco? 8e Kal KaKovpyws TWV TWV rroLrjTafjL^i'wv 7i]v dvayopevcriv Kal 5 d\\d ravra fj,ev d^(^tcrf3}JTJ](Tii' el^ev. ov p.erpiu>^ UTTOTV^WI', Kal 77/30? ye TOL><? e7reyye\Mi>-ras avTw \eyerai Opacrvrepov TOV Se- tLTrelv co? ^Lap^oviov yeXmra yeXaxrti', ov oaov avrols CJ/COTO? e/c TCOV avrov 224 CAIUS GRACCHUS, xn. 2-5 he was unwilling, as he said, by his own acts to afford his enemies the occasions which they sought fora conflict at close quarters. Moreover, it chanced that he had incurred the anger of his colleagues in office, and for the follow- ing reason. The people were going to enjoy an exhibition of gladiators in the forum, and most of the magistrates had constructed seats for the show round about, and were offering them for hire. Caius ordered them to take down these seats, in order that the poor might be able to enjoy the spectacle from those places without paying hire. But since no one paid any attention to his command, he waited till the night before the spectacle, and then, taking all the workmen whom he had under his orders in public contracts, he pulled down the seats, and when day came he had the place all clear for the people. For this proceeding the populace thought him a man, but his colleagues were annoyed and thought him reckless and violent. It was believed also that this conduct cost him his election to the tribunate for the third time, since, although he got a majority of the votes, his colleagues were unjust and fraudu- lent in their proclamation and returns. This, how- ever, was disputed. But he took his failure overmuch to heart, and what is more, when his enemies were exulting over him, he told them, it is said, with more boldness than was fitting, that they were laughing with sardonic laughter, and were not aware of the great darkness that enveloped them in consequence of his public measures.1 1 Blass compares the laughter of the doomed suitors in Odyssey, xx. 346 ff. — the fatuous smile of men whose fate is sealed, though they are unaware of it. 225 PLUTARCH'S LIVES XIII. 'E-Trel Be KCLI TOV ^OTTL/JLIOV cravTes virarov TMV VO/JL^V TroXXoi/? Bieypa^ov teal TTJV Kap%r)B6vo<; GKIVOW Sidra^iv, epeOi^ovres TOV Tdlov, a)? av aiTiav 0/07?}? Trapaa^cav dvaipeOelr), TOV fjbev Trp&TOv %povov e/caprepeL, TWV $e <f>i\a)v teal /j,d\HTTa TOV <&ov\(3iov Trapo%vvovTo<s wp/jLrjcre rrd\iv wvdryeiv TOU? dvTiTa^ofjievovs 7T/)O9 TOV 2 vTrarov. evravda teal TTJV /j,r)Tepa \eyovaiv avTw crvaTacridcrai, /JLKrOovfjLevrjv CLTTO rr}? £evr)<t Kpv(f>a teal 7r€/A7rovcrav et? 'Pco/zryi/ avbpas, o>5 Brj 6epi- Tavra yap ev rot? eTTKrroXiois avT^ yvvy- <ye>ypd<j)0ai ?rpo? TOV vlov. eTepoi Be xal rrdvv TT}? Ko/3^r/Xta? Sva")£epaivova-r)s raOra TrpaT- \6yovcriv. Ht S' ovv e/J,e\\ov rj/Aepa TOUS VO/JLOVS \ixreiv ol TOV 'OTTlfjilOV, KaT€L\rj7TTO fJLZV V7TO d/uL(j)OTe- pwv ewOev evOvs TO KaTrercoXtoi', QVGCLVTQS Be TOV TWV vTrrjpeTwv rt? avTOv Koii'TO? 'AvruX- Bia<pepa)v eTepwcre TO, o-tjr\dfy'%va TT/JO? TOL>? 7T€pl TOV <&OV\(BiOV et7T6* " AoT6 TOTTOV djadoiS, tcatcol TroXtrat." Tives Be <j)acnv d^a TTJ <J>a)vfj teal TOV ftpa^iova ^vfjivov olov e^>' vftpei ovTa Trapeveyrceiv. aTfoQvr]<JK£i <yovv evdit? o 'AvruXXfo? e/cei [AeydXois ypa<f>eiois tcevTOV/jLevos, eV avT& TOVTM TreTroirjaOai \eyo- fj,evois. teal TO fjiev 7r\f)0o<? Bi€Tapd%@r) TTyoo? TOV <f>6vov, evavTia Be TOV<? rjye/jLovas ea^e BidOecris. 6 juiev ydp Fai'o? r/^^ero teal teatetos e\eye TOV<; 226 CAIUS GRACCHUS, xm. 1-4 XIII. The enemies of Caius also effected the election of Opimius as consul, and then proceeded to revoke many of the laws which Caius had secured and to meddle with the organization of the colony at Carthage. This was by way of irritating Caius, that he might furnish ground for resentment, and so be got rid of. At first he endured all this patiently, but at last, under the instigations of his friends, and especially of Fulvius, he set out to gather a fresh body of partisans for opposition to the consul. Here, we are told, his mother also took active part in his seditious measures, by secretly hiring from foreign parts and sending to Rome men who were ostensibly reapers ; for to this matter there are said to have been obscure allusions in her letters l to her son. Others, however, say that Cornelia was very much displeased with these activities of her son. Be that as it may, on the day when Opimius and his supporters were going to annul the laws, the Capitol had been occupied by both factions since earliest morning, and after the consul had offered sacrifice, one of his servants, Quintus Antyllius, as he was carrying from one place to another the entrails of the victims, said to the partisans of Fulvius : " Make way for honest citizens, ye rascals ! " Some say, too, that along with this speech Antyllius bared his arm and waved it with an insulting gesture. At any rate he was killed at once and on the spot, stabbed with large writing styles said to have been made for just such a purpose. The multitude were completely confused by the murder, but it produced an opposite state of mind in the leaders of the two factions. Caius was distressed, and upbraided his followers for 1 Cf. Cicero, Brutus, 58, 211. 227 PLUTARCH'S LIVES rrepl avTov co? alriav BeofMevois Trdkai Kaff1 eavrwv Tot9 €X@poLS BeBwKoTas, 6 Be 'O-Tri/^09 wcnrep evB6(TL/j.ov \a,3(i)V €7rrjpro KOI Trapw^vve TOV Brj/jiov €7rl TTJV a/j,uvav. XIV. Kttl TOT6 fJLeV 6fJ,/3pOV ^GVO^kvOV Sl6\l>- a/j,a Be rj/jiepa TTJV fjiev /BovXijv 6 inraros evBov e^pr) /jidr L^ev ], erepoi Be TO TOV crcu/Lta yv/Jivov eVt tc\ivris TrpoOe/jLevoi BS dyopas Trapa TO @ov\evTtjpiov errLTtjBe^ Trape- KOfJLi^ov, ol/jicayfj ^paijjievoL KOI Opqvw, yiyvwcrKOV- TO? p,ev TOV 'OTTI/JLLOV TO, rrpaTTo/Aeva, TrpocrTroiov- 841 pevov Be Oavfjid^eLV, wcrre Kal rou? {3ov\evTas 2 7rpoe\@eiv. KaTaTeBelar]^ Be T^? K\lvr}<i et? fj^eaov ol /JLev ea")£eT\La%ov a>? eVt Beivw real /j,eyd\(p rrdBei, rot? Be TroXXo?? eTrrjei fJLio~elv KOI 7rpo/3d\- \eo-0ai TOI/? oXiyapxitcovs, co? Tiftepiov /j,ev ev KaTrercoXtco (fioveiKTavTes avTol Brj- v oma KOI TOV veitpov Trpocre^eftaXov, 6 B* 3 vTTijpeT'ijs 'AvTii\\ios, ov BiKaia fjiev laws 0$, Trjv Be 7r\€i(TTrjv OLTIOV et9 TO TraOelv ev djopa 7rpoK€iTai, Kal /^OL/XT) dprfvovcra Kal av ov dvOpwTrov, eVl TW TOV eVi \eLTrofJievov dve\elv TMV TOV Bijpov Kr)Bo/jLeva)v. €K TOVTOV 7rd\iv et9 TO /3ov\evT^piov a cravTO Kal TrpocreTajfav 'OTriyutw TW Tro\iv 6V&)9 BvvaiTO, Kal KaTaXveiv TOVS Tvpvvovs. 4 'E/cetVou Be TrpoeLTrbvTos eirl TO, 6VXa 228 CAIUS GRACCHUS, xm. 4-xiv. 4 having given their enemies ground for accusing them which had long been desired ; but Opimius, as though lie had got something for which he was waiting, was elated, and urged the people on to vengeance. XIV. A shower of rain fell just then, and the assembly was dissolved ; but early next morning the consul called the senate together indoors and pro- ceeded to transact business, while others placed the body of Antyllius without covering upon a bier, and carried it, as they had agreed to do, through the forum and past the senate-house, with wailings and lament- ations. Opimius knew what was going on, but pre- tended to be surprised, so that even the senators went out into the forum. After the bier had been set down in the midst of the throng, the senators began to in- veigh against what they called a heinous and mons- trous crime, but the people were moved to hatred and abuse of the oligarchs, who, they said, after murder- ing Tiberius Gracchus on the Capitol with their own hands, tribune that he was, had actually flung away his dead body besides ; whereas Antyllius, a mere servant, who perhaps had suffered more than he deserved, but was himself chiefly to blame for it, had been laid out in the forum, and \vas surrounded bv the • Roman senate, which shed tears and shared in the obsequies of a hireling fellow, to the end that the sole remaining champion of the people might be done away with. Then the senators went back into the senate-house, where they formally enjoined upon the consul Opimius to save the city as best he could,1 and to put down the tyrants. The consul therefore ordered the senators to take 1 The formal decree of martial law : consul videret ne quid respublica detriment,! caperet (Cicero, In Cat. i. 2, 4). 229 PLUTARCH'S LIVES crvyK\r)TiKov$, KOI TWV BOVTOS dyeiv ewOev ot/cera? Bvo o fjiev <&ov\f3io<s dvTLirapecTKevd- £ero KOL crvvrjyev o^Xov, 6 Be Fai'o? e/c TT}? dyopas direp^ofjievo^ €<TTTJ KCLTO, TOV rov 7rarp09 di'Spidvra, KOI 7TO\VV ^pOVOV €/jL/3\€^aS 6t9 CLVTQV OV$eV €<f)- , Sa/cpvaas $e KCU (nevd^as dirgei. rovro TWV i&OVTWV OlKTelpat, TOV YdlOV €7Trj\Oe' KOI Katciaavres avrovs a>? e^/faraXetTro^re? TOV civBpa teal TrpoSiSovTes rjKov eVI TTJV olfciav Kal TrapevvKTepevov errl TWV Ovpwv, ov% o/^otco? rot? QovXftiov (f)v\aTTov(Tiv. e/ceivot, fiev <ydp ev Kal aXaXay/^ot? TrivovTes Kal dpauvvo- aVTOV TOV <&OV\(3iOV 7Tpd)TOV Kal TroAAa (fropTiKws irap ffkiKiav 6 (frOeyyo/jievov Kal TrpaTrovTOS* oi Be rrepl TOV Ydiov, ft)? eVt (TVfL(£>opa Koivfi TT}? Trar/otSo? fjcrv- yiav ayovTes Kal TrepLcrKOTrovfjievoL TO fjie\\ov, eV fjiepei (^uXaTTO^re? Kal dvaTravo/nevoi Sirjyov. XV. f/Ayua Be rfftepa TOV [lev Qov\(3iov €K TOV TTOTOV KaOevBovTa fio\i<; eireyeipavTe^ a)Tr\t,£ovTO Tcepl Trjv oiKiav avTov \a(f)vpois, a FaXara? ore viraTevev el\7)<j)ei, Kal //-era- TroXXr}? cnret\r)<; Kal Kpavyfjs c^copovv /caTaXryv|ro/xe^ot TOV 'AftevTLVov \6(f>ov. o Be Fato? QTC\i<iaaQai OVK r)0e\r}cr€v, aXX* wo-irep et? dyopdv ev 2 Trpoyei, fJiiKpov VTre^ayo-fjLevos ey\eipi^>tov, Be avTO) trepl ra? Ovpas ri yvvr) irpoaTreuovaa Kal TrepiTTTv^acra TWV ^eipwv TTJ /u.ev avTov eKelvov, Trj Be TO TraiBiov, " OVK eirl TO flr/pd ere," eiirev, "w Fate, TrpoTre/jiTra) B^ap^ov, a>? TrpoTepov, Kal 230 CAIUS GRACCHUS, xiv. 4-xv. 2 up arms, and every member of the equestrian order was notified to bring next morning two servants fully armed ; Fulvius, on the other hand, made counter preparations and got together a rabble, but Caius, as he left the forum, stopped in front of his father's statue, gazed at it for a long time without uttering a word, then burst into tears, and with a groan departed. Many of those who saw this were moved to pity Caius ; they reproached themselves for abandoning and betraying him, and went to his house, and spent the night at his door, though not in the same manner as those who were guarding Fulvius. For these passed the whole time in noise and shouting, drink- ing, and boasting of what they would do, Fulvius him- self being the first to get drunk, and saying and doing much that was unseemly for a man of his years ; but the followers of Caius, feeling that they faced a public calamity, kept quiet and were full of concern for the future, and passed the night sleeping and keeping watch by turns. XV. When day came, Fulvius was with difficulty roused from his drunken sleep by his partisans, who armed themselves with the spoils of war about his house, which he had taken after a victory over the Gauls during his consulship, and with much threaten- ing and shouting went to seize the Aventine hill. Caius, on the other hand, was unwilling to arm him- self, but went forth in his toga, as though on his way to the forum, with only a short dagger on his person. As he was going out at the door, his wife threw her- self in his way, and with one arm round her husband and the other round their little son, said : " Not to the rostra, O Caius, do I now send thee forth, as formerly, to serve as tribune and law-giver, nor yet to 231 PLUTARCH'S LIVES fv, ov<? errl TTO^C/JLOV evBo^ov, 'Lva JJLOL /cal rra- 9 (OV TL TWV KOLVWV aTT O\iTrr)S Tl/AO)/A€VOV yOVV 7T€V- #09, r/XXa rot9 liijBepLov (frovevcriv v7ro/3d\\€L<; 'iva ?} Spdcrys, 777209 ov£)€V Se rot? KOIVOIS 6'(£eAo? a 3 KGKpdrrjKev rj&i] rd ^eipw (3ia KOI cn^pw ra? TrpdrrovcTiv. el Trepl Nofiavriav 6 cro9 9 eTre&ev, vTroaTrovSos av JUJLLV direSoOr) vvv 8e tcra)? Kaju> TToraf^ou TIVOS f) Oa- [teens eaofiau (frfjvaL Trore TO CTOJ^ cr<wyu,a (f)pOVpOVfl€VOV. TL jap r) VOfJLOLS €TL 7TK7TOV Tf 4 $eo?9 /xera TOV Tiftepiov cfrovov; ' ToiavTa r?}9 aTpe/Jia ra9 7repi{3o\d<; o Fai'09 e dvav&os, lAe^pi ov \iTroO vpriaaaav avTrjv ol OepaTTOVTes dpdfjievoi 77/009 Kpd<rcrov (D TOV d$6\(f)OV KO/jli^OVTeS. XVI. 'O ^e 4)ouX^O9, ft)9 eyevovTO dOpooi, TreicrOels vrro TOV Tatov Tre/jLTrei TWV vlwv TOV vecoTepov €%ovTa KTjpvfceiov et9 dyopdv. rjv Be 842 /eaXXt<7T09 o veaviaKOS 0(f)@f)vai' KOL Tore /caTa- <rra9 Kocr/j,ia)<; real /uer' albovs SebaKpu/jLevos erroir)- (TdTO (TV/jiaTlKOVS OyOV$ 7T/J09 TO!' VTTCLTOV K(U 2 TYfV <TVyK\rjTOV. OL /A€V OVV TTOXXO/ TWV TTCLpOVTCOV OVK ar;8co9 rrpos ra9 SiaXvcreis el^ov 6 Be 'O?rt- ov SL dyye\.a)V e^rf ^ptjvaL TrelOeiv rrjv aXXa KCiTaftdvTas 0)9 vrrevOvvovs 7roXtra9 eVi fcpiffiv KOI TrapaSovTas avTOvs OVTWS 7rapaiT€Lcr0ai rrjv opyijv TW Be /aeipaKLa) real Birjyopevcrev errl TOVTOIS KaTikrai 7rd\iv rj fj,rj 232 CAIUS GRACCHUS, xv. 2-xvi. 2 a glorious war, where, shouldst thou die (and all men must die), thou wouldst at all events leave me an honoured sorrow ; but thou art exposing thyself to the murderers of Tiberius, and thou doest well to go unarmed, that thou mayest suffer rather than inflict wrong ; but thy death will do the state no good. The worst has at last prevailed ; by violence and the sword men's controversies are now decided. If thy brother had only fallen at Numantia, his dead body would have been given back to us by terms of truce ; but as it is, perhaps I too shall have to supplicate some river or sea to reveal to me at last thy body in its keeping. Why, pray, should men longer put faith in laws or gods, after the murder of Tiberius?" While Licinia was thus lamenting, Caius gently freed himself from her embrace and went away without a word, accompanied by his friends. Licinia eagerly sought to clutch his robe, but sank to the ground and lay there a long time speechless, until her servants lifted her up unconscious and carried her away to the house of her brother Crassus. XVI. When all were assembled together, Fulvius. yielding to the advice of Caius, sent the younger of his sons with a herald's wand into the forum. The young man was very fair to look upon ; and now, in a decorous attitude, modestly, and with tears in his eyes, he addressed conciliatory words to the consul and the senate. Most of his audience, then, were not disin- clined to accept his terms of peace ; but Opimius declared that the petitioners ought not to try to per- suade the senate by word of messenger ; they should rather come down and surrender themselves for trial, like citizens amenable to the laws, and then beg for mercy ; he also told the young man plainly to come 233 PLUTARCH'S LIVES 3 Karievai. Fai'o? pev ovv, 0*9 fyacnv, e/3ov\eTo Kal TreiOeiv ryv o-vyK\rjrov' ovBevbs Be \\wv (TvyxwpovvTOs, av0i$ eTre/jbtyev 6 $>ov\- rov TralBa Bia\e^6/jLevov VTrep avrwv O/JLOICL rot? Trporepois. 6 Se 'O-Trt/uo? cnrevSwv avva'fyai TO f^ev /AeipaKiov evQvs crvveXa/Be Trape&wrcev et? fyvXaKijv, rot? 8e irepl rbv eiryei /zera TTO\\WV OTrXtrw^ Kal ro^orwv 4 O'L /jid\LcrTa /3aXXo^re? aurou? Kal KararpavfjiarL- crvveTapa^av. yevo/jievr)? Be TT}? rpOTrfjs o to? el'? ri (3a\avelov 1} /zeA,>; /Jievov Kara- KOL fj,€ra fJLLKpbv dvevpeOels KaT€ a rov irpevftvrepov Tra^So?, 6 8e Fato? VTT ovSevbs /za^o/zei/o?, aXXa Sv<ravacr%6Ttov rot? yivofJievoL^ dve^coprjcrev 6t? TO TT)? 'A^Teyu-tSo? iepov €Kei Be ^ov\6^evo<^ eavrov dve\elv VTTO rwv TTKnordrcov eraipwv €Ka)\vdrj, IIo^Trwiaou Kal \iKivvlov Trapovres <ydp ouroi TO re 5 \ovro Kal 7rd\iv (frevyeiv CTrfjpav avTov. evOa \eyerai Ka9ecr0e\s et? 70^1^ Kal Ta? TT/QO? TT)I> ^eoi^ errev^acrOai, rbv dvrl TT}? d^apKTTia^ e/celvr)? Kal TravaacrOai Bov\evovra' fyavepws yap OL 7T\€L(7TOi /JL€T€{3d\\OVTO XVII. QevyovTi B* ovv rw Yatw TCOV €7TL(j)€po/jLevci)v Kal Kara\a/ui/3av6vT(0v irepl rrjv %v\ivrjv ye(j)vpav, ol /jiev Bvo <f>i\oi TT po%a) pelv eKeivov K€\€vcravT€S avrol TOU? BiwKovras vjre- (TTijcrav Kal ^a\o^voi Trpb rr/s ye(f>vpa<; ovBeva 2 TraprJKav ea>? cnreBavov. TW Be Yatw crvvefyevyev 234 CAIUS GRACCHUS, xvi. 3-xvn. 2 back again on these terms or not come back at all. Caius, accordingly, as we are told, was willing to come and try to persuade the senate ; but no one else agreed with him, and so Fulvius sent his son again to plead in their behalf as before. But Opimius, who was eager to join battle, at once seized the youth and put him under guard, and then advanced on the party of Fulvius with numerous men-at-arms and Cretan archers. And it was the archers who, by discharging their arrows and wounding their opponents, were most instrumental in throwing them into confusion. After the rout had taken place, Fulvius fled for refuge into an unused bath, where he was shortly discovered and slain, together with his elder son. Caius, however, was not seen to take any part in the battle, but in great displeasure at what was happening he withdrew into the temple of Diana. There he was minded to make away with himself, but was prevented by his most trusty companions, Pomponius and Licinius ; for they were at hand, and took away his sword, and urged him to flight again. Then, indeed, as we are told, he sank upon his knees, and with hands outstretched towards the goddess prayed that the Roman people, in requital for their great ingratitude and treachery, might never cease to be in servitude ; for most of them were manifestly changing sides, now that proclamation of immunity had been made. XVII. So then, as Caius fled, his foes pressed hard upon him and were overtaking him at the wooden bridge over the Tiber, but his two friends bade him go on, while they themselves withstood his pursuers, and, fighting there at the head of the bridge, would suffer no man to pass, until they were killed. Caius had with him in his flight a single servant, by name • 235 PLUTARCH'S LIVES ofC€Tl]S OVOfjia loKpaTIIS, 7rvTO)V fl€V, cv dfjii\\r), 7rapa><e\€vo/j,€V(0v, ovBevo? Be ftorj- OOVVTOS, oi'Be 'tinrov aiTov/jievy Trapacr^eiv e0e\ij- cravTOS' €7reK€ivTO yap eyyvs 01 BicoKOVTes. o Be (f)OdveL fJLLKpov e/9 iepov aXcro? 'ILpLvvvwv Kara- <fivyu)v, Kafcei Bia^Oeiperai,, rov QiXoKparovs ave- 3 XOZ^TO? exelvov, elra kawrov eTricr^dPavTOs. co? Be eviol aaiv, ajioreoi .ev VTTO /re?, TOV Be OepdnovTos TOV 7repi/3a\6i>TOS ovBels exeivov TjBvvr/Ojj TrpoTepov rj TOVTOV VTTO TroXXon' TTCUO- /jLevov dvaip€0y)i'ai. TTJV Be K€(£>a\r)V TOV Ta'iov \eyovaiv d\\ov /Aev aTCOKo^fai Kai KO/JLL^CIV, d<pe\eo~0ai Be TOVTOV <j)i\ov 'OTTL/J-LOV TIVCL, S€TT- TOV/jLOV\i]iov rjv yap irpoK€Kripvyp.ei ov ev dp^rj r/}? /^a^>7? laoaTacnov ^pvai'ov TOLS dveveyKovcrt 4 TTJV Ta'iov Kal <&ov\{3iov K€(f)a\t)v. avr}V€^0r} Be VTTO TOV ^,e7TTOv/j.ov\r/iov 7repL7T€7rap/j,evrj BopaTi 7T/30? TOV 'OTTLfjllOV, KOI %VyOV KO/J.I vOeVTOS €VT€- Oelcra Xir^oa? eTTTaKaiBeKa Kal oijjtaipov e'tXtcvcre, TOV %€7rTOv/u.ov\r)iov Kal rrepl TOVTO /jtiapov yevo- /jievov Kal KaKovpy)jo~avTos' e^eX&jy yap TOV eyKe- (£>a\ov €veT))^e /^oXv/BBov. 01 Be TOV <&OV\$LOV Tt/v K€(j)a\^v KO/j.icravT€S (//crai^ yap TWV dcrrj/jLO- 5 Tepa)v^) ovBev eXaftov, TCL Be &a)/jiaTa Kal TOVTWV a\\o)v et? TOV TTOTa/abv eppifyrj, Tpia- L0)v dvaipedevT(t)v Kal Ta? overlap avTwv aTreBoi'TO 7T/009 TO Brijj.6o-iov. aTreiTrav Be TrevOeiv Tat? yvvai£i, TJJV Be Ta'iov Ajticivviav Kal TT)? dTreo-Tep^crav. u>/j.oTaTOv Be Trpoaetpyd- 343 ToO <&ov\/3iov TOV vearrepov viov, OVTC 236 CAIUS GRACCHUS, xvn. 2-5 Philocrates; and though all the spectators, as at a race, urged Caius on to greater speed, not a man came to his aid, or even consented to furnish him with a horse when he asked for one, for his pursuers were pressing close upon him. He barely succeeded in escaping into a sacred grove of the Furies, and there fell by the hand of Philocrates, who then slew himself upon his master. According to some writers, however, both were taken alive by the enemy, and because the servant had thrown his arms about his master, no one was able to strike the master until the slave had first been dispatched by the blows of many. Someone cut off the head of Caius, we are told, and was carry- ing it along, but was robbed of it by a certain friend of Opimius, Septimuleius ; for proclamation had been made at the beginning of the battle that an equal weight of gold would be paid the men who brought the head of Caius or Fulvius. So Septimuleius stuck the head of Caius on a spear and brought it to Opim- ius, and when it was placed in a balance it weighed seventeen pounds and two thirds, since Septimuleius, besides showing himself to be a scoundrel, had also perpetrated a fraud ; for he had taken out the brain and poured melted lead in its place. But those who brought the head of Fulvius were of the obscurer sort, and therefore got nothing. The bodies of Caius and Fulvius and of the other slain were thrown into the Tiber, and they numbered three thousand ; their property was sold and the proceeds paid into the public treasury. Moreover, their wives were for- bidden to go into mourning, and Licinia, the wife of Caius, was also deprived of her marriage portion. Most cruel of all, however, was the treatment of the younger son of Fulvius, who had neither lifted a hand 237 PLUTARCH'S LIVES vrap/jievov ovr ev rot? pa^o/nevcus yev- /ji€vov, a\\a €7rl cnrovBds e.\6bvra rrpb TT}? /j,d%r)<> 6 (rv\\a{36vre<; /col /jLerd rrjv fid^v dve\6vr€S. ov fjLrjv a\\a real rourov KOI rwv a\\wv aTrdvrcov fjid\\ov r)viacre TOJ)? TroXXoi/? TO 'Ofiovoias lepov VTTO rov 'OTTifii yap €86fcei teal fjieya fypovelv KCU rponov TIVCL €7TL (iOVOlS TOaOVTOlS 7TO\ITWV. KOi VVKTOS VTTO TrV €7TLa()rV TOV V€GD rives rov crrl'xpv rovrov ""Epyov d vabv b/jiovoias rroielS XVIII. Ouro? aevroi TTOWTO? eEovcria . * ropo? ev VTrareia ^prfcrdfjievo^ KCU €7rl Tio"i\LOi<> TroXtrai? Fdiov KOI <&ov\!3iov QXaKKOV, wv o IJLCV TJV VTrarifcbs /col b Be r^? KaO* avrbv r)\iKias dpeTrj 7rp(i)T€VK(t)<i, OUK a7T6<7^€TO K\OTTr)S, d\\d TrefjifyOeis a>? 'lovyovpflav rbv No/xa8a IT pea - j3evrr)S Sie(f)0dp?] %prnj,axnv VTT* avrov' KOI Bi/cfjv 6<})\(i)i> ala^iaTrjv S(apoBofcias ev art/ua Kareyrj- pacre fjuaovfjievos KOI 7rp07ni\aKi£6[ji€vo<; VTTO rov 2 Brjfjiov, Trap1 avrd /j,ev rd Trpa^Oevra raTreivov yevopevov /cal a-varaX-evTOS, b\iya) Se varepov avTOS ocrov el-^ev i/jiepov /cal irbOov rwv -wv. clicbvas re yap avrwv dvabei^avre.? ev q) rrpovriOevro, /cal TOU? TOTTOU? ev ol? e^>o- vevOrjaav d<f>iepa)(Tavr€<; drrrjp^ovro JJLCV wv wpai (frepovai irdvrwv, e'Ovov Be /cal /cad' rjfjiepav TTO\- \ol /cal TTpoaemrrrov, wcrrrep 0ea)v iepols e7ri<f>oi- XIX. Kal fievroi /cal rj ¥iopvi]\La \eyerai rd 238 CAIUS GRACCHUS, xvn. 5~xix. i against the nobles nor been present at the fighting, but had come to effect a truce before the battle and had been arrested ; after the battle he was slain. However, what vexed the people more than this or anything else was the erection of a temple of Concord by Opimius 1 ; for it was felt that he was priding him- self and exulting and in a manner celebrating a triumph in view of all this slaughter of citizens. Therefore at night, beneath the inscription on the temple, somebody carved this verse : — " A work of mad discord produces a temple of Concord." XVIII. And yet this Opimius, who was the first consul to exercise the power of a dictator, and put to death without trial, besides three thousand other citizens, Caius Gracchus and Fulvius Flaccus, of whom one had been consul and had celebrated a triumph, while the other was the foremost man of his genera- tion in virtue and reputation — this Opimius could not keep his hands from fraud, but when he was sent as ambassador to Jugurtha the Numidian was bribed by him, and after being convicted most shamefully of corruption, he spent his old age in infamy, hated and abused by the people, a people which was humble and cowed at the time when the Gracchi fell, but soon afterwards showed how much it missed them and longed for them. For it had statues of the brothers made and set up in a conspicuous place, consecrated the places where they were slain, and brought thither offerings of all the first-fruits of the seasons, nay, more, many sacrificed and fell down before their statues every day, as though they were visiting the shrines of gods. XIX. And further, Cornelia is reported to have 1 Opimius restored the temple of Concord which had been built by Camillas (see the Camillus, xlii. 4). 239 PLUTARCH'S LIVES T€ aXXa TT}? avfjityopas evyevws KOI evejfcelv, /cal Trepl Twv lepwv ev o£9 eiTTeiv a>9 a^/ou? ot ve/cpol ra<£ou? e^ovaiv. avrr) Be Trepl TOU? Ka\ov[i,evov<$ M.ia"r)vov<i 2 ovBev yiteraXXa^aaa T/}? crvuijOous del cEXXr;i/ft)f «ai (friXoXoycov Trepl avrrjv ovrwv, wr /3a<rtXea)i> «ai ^e^ofjievwv irap avrf)? Swpa real TTefiirovTWV. rjSiarrj /j,ev ovv f)i> avTt] rot? d(f)iKvoviJ,6VOi,<; Kol crvvovai TOV TOV Trarpo? 'A<ppifcavov fiiov /cal Oav/jLaaKOTarr] Be TMV Trai&wv aTrevdrjS /cal dSd- Kpvros iwrifjiovevovcra, fcal TrdOrf KOI irpd^eis avrwv, wcnrep apvaicov nvwv, e^rjyov fjiivr] rot? 3 TrvvOavofJLevois. o9ev eSo^ev eviois eicvovs VTTO rj /j,6y€0ov$ fca/c&v yeyovevai /cal rwv dvaicrOijTOs, at»Tot? eo? avai<iQr)Toi<$ ovariv ocrov e£ evfyv'ias KOI TOV vkvai /cal T€Td()dai /faXw9 o<>eXo9 e'crrt vpwTTots, /ca OTI r)S pers rj /mev TO, /ca/cd ev 8e TO) TTTalaaL TO fyepew 6u\oyi(TTO)^ ov TrapaipeiTai. KAI KAEOMENOY2 KAT I. 'HjLiv Be teal irepas clover rjs T7?9 lv e/c 7rapa\\rf\ov TWV ftiwv Trfv diToOea)pr]a'iv. TOU9 fjiev ovv Ypd<y- 240 CAIUS GRACCHUS, xix. 1-3 borne all her misfortunes in a noble and mag- nanimous spirit, and to have said of the sacred places where her sons had been slain that they were tombs worthy of the dead which occupied them. She re- sided on the promontory called Misenum, and made no change in her customary way of living. She had many friends, and kept a good table that she might show hospitality, for she always had Greeks and other literary men about her, and all the reigning kings interchanged gifts with her. She was indeed very agreeable to her visitors and associates when she discoursed to them about the life and habits of her father Africanus, but most admirable when she spoke of her sons without grief or tears, and nar- rated their achievements and their fate to all en- quirers as if she were speaking of men of the early days of Rome. Some were therefore led to think that old age or the greatness of her sorrows had impaired her mind and made her insensible to her misfortunes, whereas, really, such persons themselves were insensible how much help in the banishment of grief mankind derives from a noble nature and from honourable birth and rearing, as well as of the fact that while Fortune often prevails over virtue when it endeavours to ward off evils, she cannot rob virtue of the power to endure those evils with calm assurance. AGIS AND CLEOMENES AND THE GRACCHI COMPARED I. Now that I have brought this story of the Gracchi also to an end, it renrains for me to take a survey of all four lives in parallel. As for the Gracchi, 241 PLUTARCH'S LIVES vou? ot»8' ot rrdvv ra\\a /ca/ca><; \eyovres real {jLKTOVVTes ero\/jirjo-ar elrrelv 009 ov/c evtyvecrraroi 7T009 dperrjv eyevovro 'Pw/j-aicov drrdvrwv, KOI 2 rpo<f)i]<; re real rraiBevcrea)? eKTrperrovs e Be "AyLBos real KXeo/xei^ou? $vcri$ e TT}? eiceivwv yevofjLevrj, Trap1 ocrov ovre /jieTd\.a(36vT€s op6f)s, eOecri re /cal re? v<^ MV ol Trpeaftvrepoi rrd\ai peicrav, auTOi'9 r;iyeyLtoz/a9 evre\eia<; tcai cra)(f)po- 3 avvri<$ Trapea^ov. eri Be ol fiev, ore \afJLrrporarov elyev rj 'P^yUT; /cal /jLeyiarov d^iay/JLa teal /caXuv epywv ^r]\ov, Mcnrep BiaBo^v aperf}? irarpwas KalTrpoyovifcris irjcr%vv07)crav eyicara'Knrelv ol Be ical rrarepwv rdvavrla rrpoypr]iJLevwv yeyovores, /cal rrjv TrarpiBa fjLO^drjpa rrpdrrovcrav real voaovffav TTapa\aftovres, ovoev ri Bia ravra rrjv Trpo? TO 4 ica\ov d-JTiip,jB\vvav op^v. /cal yJr]V rrjs ye Ypdy%a)v d(f)i\oxpr)/uLarias /cal 77/009 dpyvpiov ey/cpareias fjieyicrrov ecrriv on \rj^fjidr(ji)V dBi/cwv Kadapovs ev dp^als /cal rro\i,reiat<s Bie<f)v\a£av eavrovs' *A.yi$ Be KCLV Birjyavd/crrjcrev errl rq> fjur/Bev d\\orpiov \aftelv erraivoviJLevos, 09 rrjv ovaiav rrjv eavrov rot9 rro\lrat<; erreowicev, dvev rwv a\\wv /cr^/jidrfov e^aKocna rdXavra vofiia- /xaT09 eyovaav. 7rr)\i/cov ovv evo/j,i%e KCLKOV eivai TO /cepBaiveiv aSt/c&)9 o /cal Bi/caia)<$ rc\eov e\eiv erepov rf\eove%iav rjyovfJLevo^; 1.1. r/M 76 fJir]V eiri(3ov\r) fcal roX/xa rwv 242 AGIS, CLEOMENES AND GRACCHI, i. i-n. i then, not even those who utterly revile and hate them on other grounds have ventured to deny that of all Romans they were best equipped by nature for the practice of virtue, and enjoyed a rearing and training which were preeminent ; but Agis and Cleomenes would appear to have had even sturdier natural gifts than theirs, in so far as, though they did not receive a correct training, and were reared in those customs and ways of living by which their elders had long ago been corrupted, they nevertheless made themselves leaders in simplicity and self-restraint. And further, the Gracchi, at a time when Rome had her greatest and most splendid repute and an ardour for noble deeds, were prevented by a sense of shame from abandoning what was like an inheritance of virtue from ancestors near and remote ; Agis and Cleomenes, on the other hand, though they were sons of fathers who had adopted opposite principles to theirs, and found their country in a wretched plight and full of distempers, did not suffer these things to blunt the edge of their zeal for what was noble. Moreover, the chief proof that the Gracchi scorned wealth and were superior to money lies in the fact that they kept themselves clear from unrighteous gains during their official and political life ; whereas Agis would have been incensed to receive praise for not taking any- thing that was another's, since he freely gave to his fellow citizens his own property, which amounted to six hundred talents in ready money alone, to say nothing of other valuables. How great a baseness, then, would unlawful gain have been held to be by one in whose eyes even the lawful possession of more than another was rapacity ? II. Again, the enterprise and boldness of their 243 PLUTARCH'S LIVES 7TO\V TO) /JL€y€0€i 7Taprj\XaTT€V. 67TO- \LT€i>ovTO jap 6 [lev 68wv KaTacrKevds Kal Tro\ewv , Kal TO TfdvTMV veaviKwraTOV rjv €V dvaa-wcrai. Srj/^ocriou^ dypov?, Tata* Be TO, BiKaartjpia Trpoae/jifiaXovTi, TWV iTrTri/cwv rpta- 2 Koaiovs' 6 Be^AyiBos KU\ KXeoyueVou? TO fiLKpa Kal KaTa jjiepos Toyv r)/j,apTri/j,evQ)v l iiTroKOTTTeiv v$pav TLVCL TeyLt^o^ro?, w? 6 Yl\dT(t)V, r)yrjcrdiJ,6vos elvai, TTJV a/za TrdvTa Kal /jL€Ta(TKevdo~ai 3 uejaftoXrjv eTrrjye rot? Trpdy/JLaaiv. d\r)0e<TT€pov 8' tcroD? €i7T€iv e&Tiv OTL Tr)V TcdvTO, d'TTepyaa'a- KaKa fi€Ta{3o\r)v e^ijX.avvev, aTrdywv Kal TO oiKeiov KOI TOVTO CLV Ti? CL7TOL, TTj yU6f Ppdj^COV TTO\LTeiCL iviGTaaQai 'Pay/jLaicoi', ol? Se 'A^f? Se TO epyov eTreOrjxe, TWV TO xdXkLaTOv vjreKeiTO Kal irepl , wv TOVTOIS fiev 6 AvKovpyos, e/eeivq) ] 4 Be 6 TIvQio? fteftaiwTrjs. o &e fJiiyicrTOV, OTL /AW eK€iva)V7ro\iT€v/jiacriv et? ov&ev rj 'Pa)/jirj 67T€OWK€ TO)V VTCap^OVTWV, €K $6 WV 0 , o\iyov %povov Trjv ^7rdpTt"iv TT}? IleXo- « t 'T?-\ -v V ' ~£ N KpaTovcrav rj Ej\,\.as evretoe icai /neyiaTov ^vva^evoi^ Siaywi'i^o/jLevrjv dywva Blass, Fuhr, and Ziegler, after Madvig : 244 AGIS, CLEOMENES AND GRACCHI, n. 1-4 attempted reforms were certainly very different in magnitude. For in their political activities Caius had in view the construction of roads and the founding of cities, and the boldest of all the projects of the Romans were, in the case of Tiberius the recovery of the public lands, and in that of Caius the reconstitu- tion of the courts of justice by the addition of three hundred men from the equestrian order; whereas Agis and Cleomenes in their reforms, considering that the application of trifling and partial remedies and excisions to the disorders of the state was nothing more than cutting off* a Hydra's heads (as Plato says tried to introduce into the constitution a change which was able to transform and get rid of all evils at once ; though perhaps it is more in accordance with the truth to say that they banished the change which had wrought all sorts of evils, by bringing back the state to its proper form and establishing it therein. Besides, this also can be said, that the policies of the Gracchi were opposed by the greatest Romans, whereas those which Agis instituted and Cleomenes consummated were based upon the fairest and most imposing precedents, namely, the ancient rhetras or unwritten laws concerning simplicity of life and equality of property, for which Lycurgus was voucher to them, and the Pythian Apollo to Lycurgus.2 But the most important consideration is that through the political activity of the Gracchi Rome made no advance in greatness, whereas, in consequence of the achievements of Cleomenes, within a short time Greece beheld Sparta mistress of the Peloponnesus and carrying on a struggle for the supremacy with those who then had the greatest power, the object of 1 Republic, p. 426 e. 2 See the Lycurgus, xiii. VOL. x. *45 PLUTARCH'S LIVES TOP irepl r/7? rjye/AOVias, ov reXo? TJV aTra\\ayelaav 'I\\vpitca)v orjr\o)v teal Ta\aTifcwv rr/v 'EXXaSa III. Ol/Jiai Be teal ra? reXefra? raw dvSpwv lveiv riva T?}? aperijs Biacfropdv. etceivot, yap /jLa%6/jL6voi irpos rou? TroXtra?, etra TOVTCOV T0)v iroKtTwv o\iyov Belv CKMV a $6 TTpoirrjKaKLa-Oels KOI dSifcrjOels a>p- /utfj(T€ {lev dfJivvaa'Oai, rov 8e Kaipov /LLTJ irapaa^ovro^ 2 avTov euroX/zo)? avel\e. 7rd\iv Be rdvavria crtco- TTOVCTIV *Ayis ^ev ovbev aTreSe^aro epyov, aXXa 7rpoavype0>j, rat? &e TroXXat? «at AraXat? yevo^evai^ 7rapa/3a\€iv i/Bepiov rrjv ev Kap^T/Soz^ TOI) ov fJUKpov epyov, real ra? , al? Sicr/jivpiovs 'Pwfjiaiwv OVK e^o^ra? a\\7]V e\7rL8a vwrripias irepieiroirjcre' teal Fafc'o? 8e 7ro\\r)v /jiev avrodi, TTO\\TJV be ev ^.apSovi (TrpaTevo/jievos dvbpayaOiav efyrjvev, ware rot? TTyocoTOi? ay evajjii\\ov^ 'Pco/jialwv yevecrdat, (TTpar'rjyoL^, el yu-r) TrpoavypeOrjcrav. IV. T^? 8e vroXtreta? o /i-e^ 'Ayt? eoticev a^avQai p,a\aK(t)repov, eKKpovcrOeis VTTO yAyrjcri\,dov teal •v/reucrayuei>o5 TOI^ dva^acr/jiov rot? TroXtrai?, /cat 84E 6'Xco? eXXtTr^? /cat areX?)? cor 7rpoei\ero teal Kartjy- yei\ev vTTo ttroXyLtta? 5ta T^ ijXitciav o Be KXeofjiewr)? rovvavrLov Opacrvrepov teal 346 AGIS, CLEOMENES AND GRACCHI, n. 4-iv. i which struggle was to set Greece free from Illyrian and Gaulish troops and array her once more under descendants of Heracles. III. I think, too, that the way in which the men died makes manifest a difference in their high ex- cellence. For the Gracchi fought against their fellow citizens, and then died as they sought to make their escape ; but in the case of the Greeks, Agis would not kill a single citizen, and therefore died what one might almost call a voluntary death, and Cleomenes, after setting out to avenge himself for insults and wrongs, found the occasion unfavourable and with a good courage slew himself. But again, when we take the opposite view of their relative merits, Agis displayed no deed worthy of a great commander, but was cut off untimely, and with the many honourable victories won by Cleomenes we can compare the capture of the wall at Carthage by Tiberius, which was no trifling deed, and his truce at Numantia, by which twenty thousand Roman soldiers who had no other hope of salvation were spared ; and Caius, too, manifested great bravery in military service at home, and great bravery in Sardinia, so that the brothers might have vied successfully with the foremost Roman generals, had they not been cut off untimely. IV. In their civic activities, however, Agis would seem to have taken hold of things with too little spirit ; he was baffled by Agesilaus, and broke his promise to the citizens about the re-distribution of lands, and in a word abandoned and left un- finished the designs which he had deliberately formed and announced, owing to a lack of courage due to his youth. Cleomenes, on the contrary, undertook his change of the constitution with too 247 PLUTARCH'S LIVES repov eVt T^V /JLera/3o\r)v >}\de r?}? aTTO/cTaVa? rot"? €(f)6pov<$ Trapavo/Jitos, ou? Trpocrayayecrdai Tot9 oVXot? Kparovvra KOL yuera- aTrjcrai paBiov r)V, wcrTrep OVK 0X1701;? a 2 jneTeaTtjaev CK TT}? TroXew?. TO 7^/0 aVef eo-^ar^? ava^Kri^ eirnpepeiv criSvjpov oure l ovre iroXiTiKOV, a\V are^ TOVTW Se «al TO aSf/ceit' yw-eT' a)/aoT?;TO? TrpoaecrTt, TWV B€ Tpdy^cov oitSerepos fjiev ijp^aro €/JUJ)vXiov, Faio? 8e \eyerai O/3yU,/}crat 7T/90? CLfJLVVCLV, a\\a Xa/ATT/OOTaTO? W ToZ? TroXe/it/tot? dpyoraros ev rfj a-rdaei 3 /eat fya/3 7rpofj\0€v aovrXo? /cal fjia^ofjiev prjcre, /cal oXa>? TrXetoi^a TOU yu-?^ T^ Spaaai jrpovoiav r) rou firj iraOelv e%a)V ewparo. Sib /cat T^ (frvyrjv CLVTWV OVK aToX/ita? ari^lov, aXX' ev\aj3eia<$ TTOL^reov. eBei yap vTrel^ai Tot? T) fJLGVOVTdS V7T€p TOV fJLT) TTdOelv TCO Y. Twi^ Toivvv ey/cXrj/jidTcov TWV /card Tifiepiov /jLeyicTTOV eaTLV OTL TOV crvvdp-^ovra TT}? e$;e/3a\6 real Sevrepav auTO? Fata Se TOV 'Av.TV\\iov fyovov ov 9 Trpoo-erpt/BovTO' Sie(f)0dpij yap d avrou /cal dyavaKrovvros. KXeo/^e^? ^6, tVa cr^a-ya? TWI^ efyopwv edcrw/jiev, r]\ev6epwcre 2 aTTavras rov<t ot/ceTa?, efiaaiXevae &€ TW TO) 5e 248 AGIS, CLEOMENES AND GRACCHI, iv. i-v. 2 much rashness and violence, killing the ephors in unlawful fashion, when it would have been easier to win them over to his views or remove them by superiority in arms, just as he removed many others from the city. For a resort to the knife, except under extremest necessity, is not the mark either of a good physician or statesman, but in both cases shows a lack of skill, and in the case of the statesman there is added both injustice and cruelty. Neither of the Gracchi, however, initiated civil slaughter, and Caius, we are told, would not resort to self-defence even when his life was threatened, but though he was a most brilliant soldier in the field, he showed himself most inactive in civil strife. For he went forth from his house unarmed and withdrew when the battle began, and in a word was seen to be more intent upon not doing any harm to others than upon not suffering harm himself. Therefore we must hold that the flight of the brothers was not a mark of cowardice, but of caution. For they were obliged either to yield to their assailants, or, in case they held their ground, to defend themselves actively against harm. V. Again, the greatest of the accusations against Tiberius is that he deposed his colleague from the tribuneship and canvassed for a second tribuneship himself; and as for Caius, the murder of Antyllius was unjustly and falsely attributed to him, for it happened contrary to his wishes and much to his dis- pleasure. But Cleomenes, not to mention again his slaughter of the ephors, set free all the slaves, and was king by himself in point of fact, though nomin- ally with another, after he had chosen his brother Eucleidas, a man from the same house, as his col- 249 PLUTARCH'S LIVES v CK yum? otcas avrw Be, w 7rpocrr]Kov r^v d'jro TT}? ereyoa? ovri avpfiacriXeueii', eTreiae [Jiev etc Kare\.0elv, artoQaVOVTOS Be TOV <f)OVOV OVfC e/5e/8atft)<T6 rrjv alriav icaO^ avrov 3 avaipecrews. fcairoi Avtcovpyos, bv Trpoareiroielro rrjv /te^ fia&iKeiav e/ccov cnrebcoKe rw TOV aBe\(f)ov Xap/XX,a>, <£o/3ou/zei;o? Be /J,tj, Kav aXXa>9 cnroOdvr) TO /uieipd/ciov, atria rt? eV avTOV 6\0rj, TTO\VV xpovov e£a> 7T\av^6el<; ov irpo- repov €7ravf)\0ev rj rrralBa ro3 \api\\y ryeveaOai BidBo^op T^? ap*xf)S. d\\a Avfcovpyto [lev ovBe aXXo? T£? 'EXX^w^ Trayoa/SX^ro? ovBefa- OTI Be rot? KXeo/xtVou? iro^iTevfiacri KCUV motion teal 4 Trapavo^iai /xet^o^e? eveiai, BeBj]\corai. /cal OL 76 ro^ rpoTTOV avT&v tyeyovTes TOVTOL^ TVpaWLKOV KOL TToXefJLOTTOlOV aiTt&VTai , rfj Be GKelvwv (pvcrei <^tXoTi/zta? a/Lter- plav, aXXo Be ovBev oi (frOovovvres e eKpLTnaOevTas Be rw TT/JO? TOU? d<ya)vi teal Ovfiw irapa rrjv CIVTWV fyvcnv TTVoals, e(f)€ivat rrepl ra etr^ara TJJV rjro\ireLav 5 a)/j,o\6yovv. €7rel TT}? 76 Trpwrr;? uTrodecreco^ TI icd\\iov r) Bi/caLorepov rjv, el /xr) Kara (3iav teal Bvvacrreiav em*)(eipr)aavTes e^Maai rov vo^ov oi 7T\ovcrioi TrepiecrrTjcrav d^orepOLS dywvas, rq> /JLCV vTrep avrov, T£> Be ercBiKovvri rov 250 AGIS, CLEOMENES AND GRACCHI, v. 2-5 league ; and he persuaded Archidamus, who belonged to the other house and should have been his colleague on the throne, to come back to Sparta from Messene, and upon his death, by not following up the murder, he fixed upon himself the blame for his taking off'. And yet Lycurgus, whom he professed to imitate, voluntarily surrendered the royal power to Charillus his brother's son, and because he feared lest, if the young man should die by another's hand, some blame might attach to himself, he wandered a long time in foreign parts, and would not come back until a son had been born to Charillus who should succeed to his office.1 However, with Lycurgus no other Greek is worthy to be compared ; but that the political measures of Cleomenes were marked by greater in- novations and illegalities than those of the Gracchi, is evident. And indeed those who are inclined to crit- icize their characters accuse the two Greeks of having been from the outset over fond of power and strife, and the two Romans of having been by nature im- moderately ambitious, though their detractors could bring no other charge against them ; nay, it was agreed that they were caught up by the fury of the contest with their opponents and by a passion contrary to their own natural bent, as by blasts of wind, and so let the state drive into extremest danger. For what could be more just and honourable than their original design ? And they would have succeeded in it, had not the party of the rich, by their violent and partisan attempts to abrogate the agrarian law, involved both of them in fierce struggles, Tiberius through fear for his own life, and Caius in an effort to avenge his brother, who had been slain without justice or 1 See the Lycurgus, iii. 5. 251 PLUTARCH'S LIVES dBe\<f)OV avev BiKr)<$ real Boy/iaras ovBe vif a dvaipeOevra; 6 ^vvos jiev ovv KOL ai/ro? e/c rwv Trjv Siacfropdv el ^e Bel /cal Kaff1 GKCHTTOV vacrOai, Tiftepiov fjiev aperfj TreTrpwrevKevai Ti Be r)fj,apTr)Kevcu TO Be /cal ro\/jirj Ydiov ovrc o\iyu> varepov yeyovevai. 252 AGIS, CLEOMENES AND GRACCHI, v. 5-6 senatorial decree and without the concurrence even of a magistrate. From what has been said, then, my reader will perceive for himself the difference between these men ; but if I am to express my opinion of them individually, I should say that Tiberius led them all in exemplary virtues, that the youthful Agis com- mitted the fewest errors, and that in achievement and courage Caius fell far short of Cleomenes. 253 PHILOPOEMEN OIAOIIOIMHN KCU I. KXea^S/30? r)v ev ^lavTiveia yevov 5 re Trpcorou 356 rj0ei<$ ev rot? yttaXtcrra T&V 7ro\LTO)v, Tv%y 8e xprjad/nevos KCU rrjv eavrov <pwyct)V fjKev et? M ejaX.yji' 7ro\iv ov% ^Ktara Sia rbv <&i\07roi[i€vo5 Trarepa Kpavyiv, avBpa irdvrwv ei>€Ka \a/jL7rpov, 2 IBia Se TT^O? eiceivov otVetco? e^ovra. ^WVTOS /u€v ovv avrov Trdvrwv ervy^ai'e, reX-evTijaavTos Be TTJV dfjLoi^rjV T% fyi\ol;€via<; aTroSiBo avrov TOV viov opfyavov OVTCL, KaOaTrep "Q/jLypos VTTO TOV QOLVIKOS TOV 'A^tXXea yevvaiav Tiva KCU /3aai\.ifcr)v TOV i']8ov<; TT\d(jiv KOI avj;r](riv \a/jL(3di>oi>Tos. €% Be TOV o xa TTJV ev KCU eavTov? eVt iro\iTeiav /cal 3 OVTOI KCU Trjv eavTwv TraTpiBa Tvpavvi&os d7rrj\- 7rapao~K€vdo-avT€S, KCLI Nt/to^Xea Tvpavvov 'Aparro a-vve%efta\ov, Kal Kvprjvaiois 256 PHILOPOEMEN I. OLEANDER was a man of the highest lineage and greatest influence among the citizens of Mantineia, but he met with reverses and was exiled from his native city. He then betook himself to Megalopolis, chiefly because of Craugis, the father of Philopoemen, a man in every way illustrious, and attached to him by ties of personal friendship. As long as Craugis lived, Oleander's wants were all supplied, and when Craugis died, Oleander, wishing to requite him for his hospitality, undertook the rearing of his orphan son, just as Homer says that Achilles was reared by Phoenix,1 so that the boy's character took on from the very outset a noble and kingly mould and growth. But as soon as Philopoemen had ceased to be a boy, Ecdemus and Megalophanes, of Megalopolis, were put in charge of him.2 They had been comrades of Arcesilaiis at the Academy, and beyond all men of their day had brought philosophy to bear upon political action and affairs of state. They freed their own native city from tyranny, by secretly procuring men to kill Aristodemus ; they joined with Aratus in expelling Nicocles the tyrant of Sicy on ;3 and at the request of the people of Gyrene, whose city was full 1 Cf . Iliad, ix. 438 ff. 2 A brief biography of Philopoemen may be found in Pausanias, viii. 49-51. It agrees, in the main, with that of Plutarch. Philopoemen was born about 252 B.C. 3 See the Aratus, ii.-x. PLUTARCH'S LIVES BerjQeicrt, rerapay/JLevcov TCOV Kara TIJV TTO\IV /cal VO&OVVTWV, Tr\evGavT6<$ evvo/^iav edevTO tcai BLGKO- 4 cr/Ar/crav apiara rrjv TTO\IV. avroi ye fjLTjv ev rot? a'XXoi9 6/97049 /cal rrjv <&iX.oiroL[jLevos CTTOIOVVTO TraiBevaiv, a>? KOIVOV O(/>eXo9 rfj '\L\\dSi rov avbpa TOVTOV VTTO (f)i\o(TO(f)ias dTrepyaao/Aevoi,. /cal yap o-^riyovov ev ytfpa rat? r&v TraXaiwv i} vwv €7riT€/covcra TOVTOV ayoerat? rj /cal avvtjv^Tjcre TTJ 80^77 TTJV Svva/j,iv. jrpocreLTrev, &>9 ovoeva /^eyav fieTa TOVTOV CTI TT}? 'EXXaSo? avSpa yeivapevrjs ovBe ai/r^? a£iov. ntf-r £\ \ \ •?£> > 5 r f >/ . nv oe TO /lev etoo? OVK ator^po?, 009 evioi eltcova yap UVTOV Sia/jievovcrav ev ayvoiav crv/jufirfvai, \eyovai Si ev/co\iav Tiva /cal 357 afyeXeiav avTov. TrvvQavo/^evrfyap ep^eaBai 7Tyoo9 at»Tou9 TOI^ crTpaTTjyov TWV 'A^atwy Trapacr/cevd^ovaa SCITTVOV, ov TrapovTOS Kara 2 TOV dvopos. ev TOVTW Be TOV ^>tXo7rot/xe^o9 ^\a/jivBiov euTeXe9 e^oz^ro9, olofiewrj v7rr)p€Twv elvai /cal jrpoBpo/jiov 7rap€fcd\ei Sia/covias avve(j)dilrao-0ai. /cal 6 /zei; €v0v<> djrop- TTJV ^XayauSa TWI^ %v\wv 6a"%t%€V' o Be ireicrekOtov /cal Oeaadfjievo^, " Tt TOUTO," w (^>i\07roifjLrjv;>1 " Ti yap aXXo, Bcopi^wv €/celvos, " -^ /ca/cds 0^66)9 Bi/cas 3 TOU Se aXXou <ra)/xaro9 T^ (frixriv e7ncr/ca>7rTCDV o 258 PHILOPOEMEN, i. 3-11. 3 of confusion and political distemper, they sailed thither, introduced law and order, and arranged matters in the city most happily. They themselves, however, counted the education of Philopoemen also among their many achievements, believing that their philosophical teachings had made him a common benefit to Greece. For since he was the child, as it were, of her late old age and succeeded to the virtues of her ancient commanders, Greece loved him sur- passingly, and as his reputation grew, increased his power. And a certain Roman, in praising him, called him the last of the Greeks,1 implying that Greece produced no great man after him, nor one worthy of her. II. In looks he was not, as some suppose, ill- favoured ; for a statue of him is still to be seen at Delphi ; and the mistake of hisMegarian hostess was due, as we are told, to a certain indifference and simplicity on his part. This woman, learning that the general of the Achaeans was coming to her house, in great confusion set about preparing supper; besides, her husband chanced to be away from home. Just then Philopoemen came in, wear- ing a simple soldier's cloak, and the woman, thinking him to be one of his servants who had been sent on in advance, invited him to help her in her housework. So Philopoemen at once threw off his cloak and fell to splitting wood. Then his host came in, and seeing him thus employed, said : "What does this mean, Philopoemen?" "What else," said Philopoemen in broad Doric, "than that I am paying a penalty for my ill looks ? " And once Titus Flamininus, making fun of certain parts of his 1 See the Aratus, xxiv. 2. PLUTARCH'S LIVES Ttro? elrrev, " 'H e%6is Kal (JKekr)- yacrrepa o° ov/c e^et?-" rjv yap €K ra)i> fieawv arevcarepos. TO fAevroL <TKa)u/j,a 7T/30? rr)v BvvafJiiv avrov fJLa\\ov eXe^Oi]. KOL yap OTrXtra? e^wv ayaOovs Kal /TTTret? ^prifjid'Twv TroXXa/a? OVK evTropei. -ravra fjiev ovv ev rat? cr^oXat? irepl TOV 4>tX,o7rotyuef09 \eyerai. III. ToO 6' 7/$ou9 TO (f)i\,OTi,jAOV OVK rjv jravrd- TTCKTL fyiKoveiKias fcaOapov ovS* 0/977)9 d7Tij\\ay- fjievov aXXa KaiTrep JE*7ra/j.eivd)v$ov /3ov\6fi6i>os elvai fjiaXiara ^7/XwT?;?, TO Spaa-rrfpiov Kal CTVVZTOV avrov Kal VTTO TW &e Trpdo) Kal jSadel Kal fyiXavOpanru) Trapd Ta ou 2 Tt/c/)? r) 7ro\LTtKrj^ dperrjs oiKelos elvai. Kal ydp €K Trat&wv evOvs TJV (friX-ocrTpaTicoTrjs, Kal TOi? Trpo? rovro ^piiai^OL^ fJiadt'ifjiaa-Lv vTrr/Kove Trpo- , 67r\o/j,a%eiv Kal iTnreveLV. eirel Be Kal evffrvws eSoKei Kal 7rap6Ka\ovv avTov ejrl TYJV aB\i](Tiv evioi TWV $i\wv Kal T&V rjpwTrja-ev avrovs /ULIJ 11 TT/OO? rrjv v V7TO T^? a^X^creo)? /9XayS 3 T&V Se fyajjievwv, owep r/v, dO^TiKov crrpaTicoriKov Kal fiiov SiafyepeLV Tot? Trdcrt, /jidXio-ra Be Biairav erepav Kal aaK^aiv elvai, TWV fjiev virvw T€ TroXXft) Kal 7r\r)o-/j.ovais eVSeXe^ecrt Kal Kivrjcrecrt, Kal rcrviai^ avowTwv re Ka \arrovra)v rrjv e%iv vrro Trdarjs /QOTTT}? Kal rrapeK- ovaav, rd Be Trdarjs /j,ev TrXaz^/y? e/ATreipa KCLI 260 PHILOPOEMEN, n. 3-111. 3 re, said : " Philopoemen, what fine arms and legs thou hast; but belly them hast not"; for Philo- poemen was quite slender at the waist. This piece of fun, however, was aimed the rather at his resources. For though he had excellent men-at-arms and horse- men, he was often at a loss for money. However, these stories are told of Philopoemen in the schools of philosophy. III. But the love of distinction which marked his character was not altogether free from contentiousness nor devoid of anger ; and although he desired to pattern himself most of all after Epaminondas, it was the energy, sagacity, and indifference to money in Epaminondas which he strenuously imitated, while his proneness to anger and contentiousness made him unable to maintain that great leader's mildness, gravity, and urbanity in political disputes, so that he was thought to be endowed with military rather than with civic virtues. For from his very boyhood he was fond of a soldier's life, and readily learned the lessons which were useful for this, such as those in heavy- armed fighting and horsemanship. He was also thought to be a good wrestler, but when some of his friends and directors urged him to take up athletics, he asked them if athletics would not be injurious to his military training. They told him (and it was the truth) that the habit of body and mode of life for athlete and soldier were totally different, and particu- larly that their diet and training were not the same, since the one required much sleep, continuous surfeit of food, and fixed periods of activity and repose, in order to preserve or improve their condition, which the slightest influence or the least departure from routine is apt to change for the worse ; whereas the 261 PLUTARCH'S LIVES Trpoarj/cov elvai, fidkiara be <j>epeiv paBiajs /mev evSeiav eWicr/jieva, paBia)<$ Be dypwjrviav, aKovcras 6 ^iXoTroi^rfv ov JJLOVOV auro? TO Trpdyfia teal KareyeXacrev, aXXa KOI varepov anglais Kai rjrpOTrrj\.aKL<j[Jioli$) oaov rjv eV CIVTM, Tracrav a6\rf(TLV e^efBakev a>? TO, %pr)(Ti/LLc0TaTa TWV awfidrajv et? rou? dywvas a^prjcrra jroiovcrav. IV. 'AvraXXaYei? Se Bi&acrKdXwv KOI <ya)ja)v €V ^ev rat? TroXtrf/cat? crrpareiais, a? CTTOIOVVTO ArXwTreta? evefca KCU Xe^Xacri'a? et? r^ e/Lt^aXXo^re?, eWicrev avTov Trpwrov efcarpaievovrwv, vara^ov Be fta&'i^eiv. a^oX^ 8e ovcriys i} tewrjy&v TO crcoyLta /cat KarecrKeva^e tc^vfyov apa KOI pcopa- 2 Xeot', 77 yewpywv. fy yap aypo? auTw /caXo? avro (TTa&iwv etKOffi TT}? TroXea)?. et? TOVTOV e/3d$i£e /caO rjfiepav /Aero, TO apiarov rj pera TO Selirvov, teal Kara{3a\a)v eavrov eVt <TTi/3a&iov rov TV^OVTOS epyarwv aveiraveTO. Trpco'l' Be dvacrra<{ KOI crvvefya^dfjievos epyov TO A? \ovpyovaiv 77 j3o7]\aTovau>, av0i<; et? TroXii/ a Ta B^/jioaia TOi? <fii\oi<? teal Tot? Ta yttei' ovv etc rwv crpaTeiMvirpocnovra Karav- o?rXa O€ olicov arro TT}? yecopylas av^eiv eTreiparo Bi/caiOTaTa) T&V ^pr] /j,ar icr JJLWV ', ovSe TOVTO 7roiovfj.evos irdpepyov, aXXa /cat 7raj/t> irpocnj/ceiv 262 PHILOPOEMEN, in. 3-iv. 3 soldier ought to be conversant with all sorts of irregularity and all sorts of inequality, and above all should accustom himself to endure lack of food easily, and as easily lack of sleep. On hearing this, Philo- poemen not only shunned athletics himself and derided them, but also in later times as a commander banished from the army all forms of them, with every possible mark of reproach and dishonour, on the ground that they rendered useless for the inevitable struggle of battle men who would otherwise be most serviceable. IV. And when, set free from teachers and tutors, he took part in the incursions into Spartan territory which his fellow-citizens made for the sake of booty and plunder, he accustomed himself to march first as they went out, but last as they came back. And when he had leisure, he would give his body hard exercise in hunting, thus rendering it agile and at the same time sturdy, or in cultivating the soil. For he had a fine farm twenty furlongs from the city. To this he would go every day after dinner or after supper, and would throw himself down upon an ordinary pallet-bed, like anyone of his labourers, to sleep for the night. Then, early in the morning, he would rise and go to work along with his vine-dressers or his herdsmen, after which he would go back again to the city and busy himself about public matters with his friends or with the magistrates. As for what he got from his campaigning, he used to spend it on horses, or armour, or the ransoming of captives ; but his own property he sought to increase by agriculture, which is the justest way to make money. Nor did he practise agriculture merely as a side issue, but he held that the man who purposed to 263 PLUTARCH'S LIVES i rv Be \6ya)v Kal o-vyypd/j./j,acri evervyxavev, ou Tracriv, aXX' a<£' &v eBo 4 TTjQo? dpeTifv uxbeXelcrOai. Kal rwv Q/jUjpiKGOv oaa ra? TT/OO? avSpeiav eyeipeiv Kal irapo^vveiv eVo/it^e ias, TOVTOIS Trpocrel^e. TWV S' a\\cov ava- /j-dXiara TO?? EvayyeXov evefivero Kal ra? Trepl 'A\€%ai'Spov I KaTel^e, TOU? \6yovs CTTL TO. 7rpdyfj.ara Kara- aTp6<p€iv oio/j.ei>o$, el JJL^ cr^oX)}? eveKa Kal 5 aKaprrov Trepaivoivro. Kal yap rwv , eVt TWV TOTTWV avTwv e\ey)(ov Kal /zeXer?;^ eTroieiro, ^ Kal 7r6$L(ov aTTOKOTrds, Kal ocra Trepl peidpoL? ) crrevajTrols TrdOrj Kal cr^jJiaTa BLacrTr Kal 7rd\iv crfcrTeXXo^eV?;? (£>d\ayyo$. e GKOTTWV aUTO? 7T/30? aVTOV €V 6 TO£<? /ue^' eavTou 7rpo/3d\\a)v. eoiKe yap ovros o dv^p Trepairepa) T>}? dvdyKrjs e/A(f)L\OKa\rja'ai rot? CTTpaTiwTiKOi<;, Kal rbi' rroKefjiov a>? TTOLKL\W- rdnjv vTTodecnv T?}? dpertj^ dcnrdcrao'dai, Kal oXco? Karafypovelv roov d7TO\ei7ro/j.€i'a)v co? aTrpd- V. "HS?; Se avrov Tfudtcovra err} o ySacr^Xeu? AaKeSai/novioov VVKTO? Trpoa-Treacov rfj MeyaXrj 7ro\ei Kal ra? <; /S^acra^e^o? eVro? 7rapr)\@e Kal rifv dyo- pdv KaieXaftev. €K/3oii6rjaas Be ^iXoTroi^v roz)? 264 PHILOPOEMEN, iv. 3-v. i keep his hands from the property of others ought by all means to have property of his own. He also listened to the discourses and applied himself to the writings of philosophers — not all of them, but those whom he thought helpful to him in his progress towards virtue. And as for the poems of Homer, whatever in them was thought by him to rouse and stimulate the activities of the soul which made for valour, to this he would apply himself. Among other writings, however, he was most of all devoted to the "Tactics" of ISvangelus, and was familiar with the histories of Alexander, thinking that literature was conducive to action, unless it wrere prosecuted merely to while away the time and afford themes for fruitless small talk. Indeed, he would ignore the charts and diagrams for the illustration of tactical principles, and get his proofs and make his studies on the ground itself. The ways in which places slope to meet one another, and level plains come to an abrupt end, and all the vicissitudes and shapes of a phalanx when it is elongated and contracted again in the vicinity of ravines or ditches or narrow defiles, these he would investigate by himself as he wandered about, and discuss them with his companions. For it would seem that he brought more zeal than was necessary to the study of military science, setting his affections on war as affording a most manifold basis for the practice of virtue, and despising as unsuccessful men those who left it to others. V. He was now thirty years of age, when Cleomenes, King of the Lacedaemonians, suddenly attacked Megalopolis by night, forced the guard, made his way into the city, and occupied the market-place. Philo- poemen came to the help of the citizens, but had not 265 PLUTARCH'S LIVES uev 7roXe/ii'ou? ov KaTicr^vcrev e£e\dcrai) , TOI>? - -- rroXiVa? -poTTOv -ivd Try? TroXeo)? e£eAcAe^e, 70!? emSuiHCOVfft Kal TOP KXeo- e'6' (77(270? •2 TpavfjMTLas ycvofi&fos* eVet ce ir avTol) o KXeo/M&nrfi els ^lecrcrTJvrjv aTreXOovvi rijv re TTG\IV fj.€Ta row o <&i\G7roifj,r)v 7ou? TroXtVa? a r^ TroXii/ KXeo/ze^?, TrpocTKra-rat, ce rovs TroXtVa? T<W Arat 777^ rroXij/ e^eiy ftefiaiorepov ov yap avrotf ' KO0ijft€VO<;, aXXa Arai, 70U7<Di^ urr' eptjfilaQ aOai. Tav~a \eyatv TOV? /zef TroXtVa? aTrerpe^e, TO) ce KXeoftevet Trpof^avLv 7rape<j-)(e \v[j.r)vacrQaL a VI. 'L-7£t ce Arrvyovos o /S rv l ra? rrept SeXXaTtay axpas Kal 7a? e/ avTC/v rraperatt. TT/V cvvap.iv ey/i-, Kal @id£&r0at ctavoov^evO), r/v /j.fv ev t fj.e~a TWV kav~ov t&iXtnroifirjv, Kai Tra/xurraras 1 See the C7eom^ne>. xxiv. - r:'. the: Oor'i'r,*-.. ixvii. and zxviii. The baV.le of • it in 221 B.C. 266 PHILOPOEMEN, v. i-vi. i force enough to drive the enemy out, although he fought with vigour and daring. He did, however, steal the citizens out of the city, as it were, by attacking their pursuers and drawing Cleomenes against himself, so that with the greatest difficulty he got away last of all, after losing his horse and receiving a wound. Moreover, when Cleomenes sent to them at Messene, whither they had gone,, and offered to give them back their city with its valuables and their territory, Philopoemen, seeing that the citizens would be glad to accept the offer and were eager to go back home, opposed and dissuaded them from it, showing them that Cleomenes was not so much offering to restore their city as he was trying to win over to himself its citizens, that so he miorht ^5 have the city also more securely in his possession ; for he would not be able, Philopoemen said, to remain there and guard empty houses and walls, but the solitude would force him to abandon these also. By this speech Philopoemen diverted the citizens from their purpose, but furnished Cleomenes with an excuse for devastating and demolishing the greater part of the city and marching offloaded with booty.1 VI. Soon, however, Antigonus the king marched with the Achaeans to give aid against Cleomenes, and finding that his enemy was occupying the heights and passes about Sellasia, he drew up his forces near by with the purpose of attacking him and forcing a passage.2 Philopoemen was stationed among the Macedonian cavalry with his own fellow-citizens,3 and had as a support the Illyrians, a large body of 3 According to Polybius, ii. 66. 7, a thousand Achaeans and as many Megalopolitans were stationed with the Macedonian cavalry. 267 PLUTARCH'S LIVES 2 TroXXoi? ovai KOI fjLa'\ifJiOis. eiprjTO Be efaBpevovaiv ijav^iav e^eiv a^pi av airo Qarepov Kepcos VTTO rov /?ao-/,Xe&>? dpOfj <j>oiviiels vrrep crapicrr]<s Biarera/j,evrj. rwv Se rjye/jiovwv rot? ipwfjLevwv €K(3id%ecr0ai TOL/? Aa/ce&ai- teal TCOV 'A^aiayv, Mcnrep Trpoa-ereraKro, TTJV etfie&peiav ev rd^ei Sia(f)V\aTT6vTa>v, Eu^Xa^a? o rov KXeojuievovs a£eX</>o? Kara^aduiv TO JIVO/JLCVOV Trepl TOU? vroXe/xtof? 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